Table 2.
Findings of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 protein or RNA in kidney of patients with coronavirus disease 2019
| Author | Patients Stated to Have Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Kidney Presence | Immunohistochemistry: Viral Protein |
Immunofluorescence: Viral Protein | RT-PCR: Viral RNA |
In situ Hybridization: Viral RNA | Postmortem Interval |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Findings with evidence (postmortem) | ||||||
| Braun et al. (83) | 38/63 | Not done | Not done | 38/63 | Not done | Median: 5 days |
| Puelles et al. (69) | 16/27 | Not done | Exact number not given; spike glycoprotein antibody (3A2) (Abcam, ab272420), SARS-CoV SΔ10 within S2 domain protein (Genetex, GTX632604) |
16/26 | Exact number not given; RNA scopea |
Average: 2.8 days |
| Remmelink et al. (85) | 10/17 | Not done | Not done | 10/17 | Not done | 72–96 hrs |
| Bouquegneau (70) | 12/16 | 9/16; 2019-nCoV N-Protein (NP) rabbit polyclonal antibody (ABclonal #A20016) | Not done | 1/16 | 6/16; RNA scopea |
< 3 hrs |
| Su et al. (9) | 8/10 | Not done | 3/6; anti–SARS-CoV nucleo-protein antibody (40143T62; Sino Biologic, China) | Not done | Not done | 1–6 hrs |
| Bradley et al. (81) | 5/6 | 2/4; monoclonal antibody to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (GeneTex; Irvine, CA, USA) | Not done | 3/3 | Not done | <140 hrs |
| Hanley et al. (84) | 3/5 | Not done | Not done | 3/5 | Not done | <10 days |
| Schurink et al. (82) | 1/11 | 1/11; noncommercial monoclonal mouse antibody and polyclonal rabbit antibody for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (Sino Biologic & Nanommune, Irvine, CA, USA) | Not done | Not done | Not done | Median: 15 hrs |
| Ichimura et al. (unpublished observations) | 1/1 | Not done | 1/1; SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (rabbit, PA1–41098; Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) | Not done | Not done | Not given |
| Diao et al. (13) | 6/6 | 6/6; anti–SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein antibody (Sino Biologic, Beijing, China or ab273434, Abcam) and anti-SARS spike glycoprotein antibody (ab273433, Abcam) | 6/6; anti–SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein antibody (Sino Biologic, Beijing, China or ab273434, Abcam) and anti-SARS spike glycoprotein antibody (ab273433, Abcam) | Not done | 3/3; RNA scopea |
< 24hrs |
| Findings with low evidence (biopsies) | ||||||
| Kudose et al. (97) | 2/16 | 0/16; mouse monoclonal IgG1 antibody against S2 subunit from SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from clone 1A9 (GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA) and rabbit monoclonal antibody against nucleocapsid protein clone 001 (Sino Biologic, Beijing, China) (40143-R001) | Not done | Not done | 0/16 when performed automatically; 2/16 when performed manually; RNA scopea |
— |
| Findings with no evidence (biopsies) | ||||||
| Sharma et al. (98) | 0/10 | 0/10; antibody to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (Clone 1C7; Bioss, Woburn, MA) | Not done | Not done | Not done | — |
| Akilesh et al. (25) | 0/8 | 0/4; antibody to SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (40143-T62, Sinobiological, Wayne, PA, USA) | Not done | Not done | 0/4; RNA scopea |
— |
| Huang et al. (99) | 0/1 | 0/1; antibody to spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (40150-R007), Sino Biologic, Beijing, China) | Not done | 0/1 | Not done | — |
| Wu et al. (24) | 0/6 | Not done | Not done | Not done | 0/6; RNA scopea | — |
| Sharma et al. (32) | 0/2 | Not done | Not done | Not done | 0/2; RNA scopea | — |
| Nasr et al. (33) | 0/1 | Not done | Not done | Not done | 0/1; RNA scopea | — |
| Larsen et al. (24) | 0/1 | Not done | Not done | Not done | 0/1; RNA scopea | — |
| Peleg et al. (28) | 0/1 | Not done | Not done | Not done | 0/1; not given | — |
| Couturier et al. (34) | 0/1 | Not done | Not done | 0/1 | Not done | — |
| Kissling et al. (36) | 0/1 | Not done | Not done | 0/1 | Not done | — |
| Lazareth et al. (27) | 0/1 | Not done | Not done | 0/1; Crystal Digital PCR-TM (Stilla Technologies, Villejuif, France) |
Not done | — |
| Findings with no evidence (postmortem) | ||||||
| Golmai et al. (100) | 0/12 | 0/12; primary mouse antibody for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (Clone 1C7, Bioss Woburn, MA, USA) | Not done | Not done | 0/4; RNA scopea |
Not given |
| Massoth et al. (77) | 0/7 | 0/3; SARS nucleocapsid antibody (NB100–56576; Novus Biologicals) | Not done | 0/5 | 0/7; RNA scopea |
Not given |
| Brook et al. (101) | 0/3 | 0/3; SARS Rabbit Polyclonal Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody (Novus NB100–56576) | Not done | 0/3 | 0/3; RNA scopea |
<3 hours |
| Sekulic et al. (102) | 0/2 | Not done | Not done | 0/2 | Not done | 29–39 hrs |
| Rocha et al. (73) | Not given | 0/8; antibodies to recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein/recombinant SARS nucleocapsid protein, Bioss, Woburn, MA, USA | Not done | Not done | 0/10 RNA scopea |
Not given |
| Santoriello et al. (87) | Not given | Not done | Not done | Not done | 0/10; RNA scopea |
Median: 21.8 hrs |
| Summary | Total number of patients with positive findingsb | IHC | IF | RT-PCR | In situ hybridization | |
| 102/235 patients (43%) | 18/94 patients (19%) |
10/13 patients (77%) |
71/144 patients (49%) |
11/84 patients (13%) |
||
SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IF, immunofluorescence.
a
By ACD, Newark, CA, USA.
b
The kidney of some patients was examined by more than one method, but for the total number, every patient was counted just once. Therefore, the total number of patients is lower than when adding up the number of patients examined by each individual method. Two reports (references 73,87) do not specify from how many patients they derived their sample and were excluded for the calculation of the total number of patients examined.