Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants to the DIETary intake, death and hospitalization in adults with end-stage kidney disease treated with HemoDialysis (DIET-HD) study
| Baseline Characteristics | Quartiles of Potassium Intake | Total | Missing (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||
| Quartile limits, g/d | <2.49 | 2.49–3.52 | 3.53–5.02 | >5.02 | ||
| Quartile, g/d, mean (SD) | 1.84 (0.46) | 3.00 (0.29) | 4.19 (0.43) | 7.18 (2.35) | ||
| N | 2011 | 2011 | 2010 | 2011 | 8043 | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, yr | 0 | |||||
| <60 | 756 (38) | 681 (34) | 744 (37) | 843 (42) | 3024 (38) | |
| 60–80 | 1009 (50) | 1035 (52) | 985 (49) | 959 (48) | 3988 (50) | |
| >80 | 246 (12) | 295 (15) | 281 (14) | 209 (10) | 1031 (13) | |
| Men | 1113 (55) | 1151 (57) | 1175 (59) | 1219 (61) | 4658 (58) | 0 |
| Ethnicity | 8 | |||||
| White/Hispanic | 1733 (94) | 1753 (96) | 1785 (96) | 1821 (97) | 7092 (96) | |
| Black | 51 (3) | 49 (3) | 45 (2) | 29 (2) | 174 (2) | |
| Others | 51 (3) | 31 (2) | 31 (2) | 31 (2) | 144 (2) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 2 | |||||
| <18.5 | 99 (5) | 95 (5) | 86 (4) | 84 (4) | 364 (5) | |
| 18.5–25 | 850 (43) | 856 (43) | 811 (41) | 780 (40) | 3297 (42) | |
| 25–30 | 647 (33) | 639 (32) | 685 (35) | 679 (35) | 2650 (34) | |
| >30 | 366 (19) | 383 (19) | 375 (19) | 411 (21) | 1535 (20) | |
| Occupation status | 23 | |||||
| Working | 160 (12) | 178 (12) | 205 (13) | 149 (9) | 692 (11) | |
| Retired | 977 (71) | 1166 (75) | 1229 (75) | 1237 (78) | 4609 (75) | |
| Unemployed | 238 (17) | 207 (13) | 210 (13) | 208 (13) | 863 (14) | |
| Having a life partner | 930 (65) | 996 (66) | 1109 (69) | 1054 (70) | 4089 (68) | 25 |
| Secondary level education | 538 (40) | 642 (43) | 755 (47) | 727 (46) | 2662 (44) | 25 |
| Country | 0 | |||||
| Argentina | 497 (25) | 312 (16) | 226 (11) | 155 (8) | 1190 (15) | |
| France | 59 (3) | 63 (3) | 48 (2) | 50 (3) | 220 (3) | |
| Germany | 77 (4) | 59 (3) | 30 (2) | 11 (1) | 177 (2) | |
| Hungary | 72 (4) | 101 (5) | 143 (7) | 205 (10) | 521 (7) | |
| Italy | 143 (7) | 159 (8) | 151 (8) | 90 (5) | 543 (7) | |
| Poland | 124 (6) | 129 (6) | 117 (6) | 56 (3) | 426 (5) | |
| Portugal | 461 (23) | 557 (28) | 455 (23) | 302 (15) | 1775 (22) | |
| Romania | 131 (7) | 157 (8) | 263 (13) | 441 (22) | 992 (12) | |
| Spain | 190 (9) | 242 (12) | 303 (15) | 306 (15) | 1041 (13) | |
| Sweden | 6 (0) | 14 (1) | 19 (1) | 12 (1) | 51 (1) | |
| Turkey | 251 (13) | 218 (11) | 255 (13) | 383 (19) | 1107 (14) | |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Former or current smoker | 427 (31) | 533 (34) | 559 (34) | 537 (34) | 2056 (33) | 23 |
| Performs physical activity daily | 168 (12) | 197 (13) | 280 (17) | 272 (17) | 917 (15) | 24 |
| Dialysis | ||||||
| Etiology of kidney disease | 0 | |||||
| Diabetes | 497 (25) | 466 (23) | 485 (24) | 511 (25) | 1959 (24) | |
| Hypertension | 415 (21) | 384 (19) | 375 (19) | 379 (19) | 1553 (19) | |
| Glomerular disease | 562 (28) | 672 (33) | 659 (33) | 705 (35) | 2598 (32) | |
| Others | 537 (27) | 489 (24) | 491 (24) | 416 (21) | 1933 (24) | |
| >5 yr on HD | 766 (38) | 754 (38) | 727 (36) | 743 (37) | 2990 (37) | 0 |
| >12 h of HD per week | 278 (14) | 300 (15) | 325 (17) | 296 (15) | 1199 (15) | 2 |
| Kt/V≥1.4 | 1735 (89) | 1754 (89) | 1749 (90) | 1682 (87) | 6920 (89) | 3 |
| Dialyzed through AVF | 1577 (79) | 1585 (79) | 1619 (81) | 1686 (84) | 6467 (81) | 0.2 |
| Listed for transplant | 341 (17) | 376 (19) | 378 (19) | 382 (19) | 1477 (18) | 0.2 |
| Intradialytic weight loss, kg, mean (SD) | 3.0 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.3) | 4 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Charlson index >5 | 1119 (56) | 1164 (58) | 1198 (60) | 1082 (54) | 4563 (57) | 0 |
| Cardiac disease | 747 (44) | 778 (44) | 874 (50) | 859 (52) | 3258 (47) | 15 |
| Hypertension | 1519 (84) | 1576 (86) | 1574 (85) | 1490 (85) | 6159 (85) | 10 |
| Diabetes | 558 (31) | 594 (32) | 603 (33) | 567 (33) | 2322 (32) | 10 |
| Cancer | 225 (11) | 281 (14) | 280 (14) | 254 (13) | 1040 (13) | 0 |
| GI disease | 389 (19) | 449 (22) | 457 (23) | 461 (23) | 1756 (22) | 0 |
| Pulmonary disease | 219 (11) | 226 (11) | 260 (13) | 231 (12) | 936 (12) | 0 |
| Predialysis systolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 130 (22) | 130 (22) | 131 (22) | 134 (21) | 131 (22) | 16 |
| Receiving ACEI or ARB | 548 (27) | 625 (31) | 640 (32) | 627 (31) | 2440 (30) | 0 |
| >4 different drug classes | 429 (21) | 539 (27) | 640 (32) | 635 (32) | 2243 (28) | 0 |
| Predialysis blood results, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Potassium, mEq/L | 4.9 (0.7) | 5.0 (0.7) | 5.0 (0.7) | 5.1 (0.8) | 5.0 (0.7) | 71 |
| >5.5 | 138 (25) | 188 (27) | 172 (28) | 147 (31) | 645 (27) | 71 |
| >6 | 47 (9) | 75 (11) | 66 (11) | 48 (10) | 236 (10) | 71 |
| Calcium, mg/dl | 8.9 (0.7) | 9.0 (0.7) | 9.0 (0.7) | 8.9 (0.7) | 8.9 (0.7) | 3 |
| Phosphate, mg/dl | 4.6 (1.4) | 4.6 (1.4) | 4.7 (1.4) | 4.8 (1.4) | 4.7 (1.4) | 3 |
| Intact PTH, pg/ml | 455 (443) | 410 (366) | 419 (366) | 418 (375) | 427 (392) | 42 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 3.9 (0.4) | 4.0 (0.4) | 4.0 (0.4) | 4.0 (0.4) | 4.0 (0.4) | 24 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.0 (1.3) | 11.1 (1.3) | 11.1 (1.2) | 11.0 (1.3) | 11.1 (1.3) | 3 |
| Dietary assessment | ||||||
| Total energy intake (×103 kcal/d), median (IQR) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 1.7 (1.4–2.0) | 2.1 (1.8–2.5) | 3.0 (2.5–3.7) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 0 |
| Total energy intake per kg of body weight (kcal/kg), median (IQR) | 16.9 (12.4–21.9) | 24.7 (19.7–30.1) | 30.4 (24.5–37.5) | 43.2 (33.4–56.6) | 27.3 (19.6–37.5) | 2 |
| NPCR, mean (SD) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 3 |
| Fiber intake (g/d), median (IQR) | 7.1 (5.2–9.4) | 10.7 (8.2–13.5) | 13.9 (10.7–17.4) | 20.8 (15.6–27.1) | 12.0 (8.1–17.5) | 0 |
| Estimated NEAP, mean (SD)a | 49.2 (13.0) | 51.3 (18.8) | 49.8 (24.2) | 40.3 (46.7) | 47.7 (29.0) | 1 |
| Food groups (servings per day), median (IQR) | ||||||
| Cereals | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 2.1 (1.2–2.9) | 2.5 (1.5–3.6) | 3.2 (2.0–4.6) | 2.3 (1.2–3.3) | 0 |
| Fruits | 1.3 (0.7–2.1) | 2.1 (1.4–3.3) | 2.9 (1.9–4.6) | 5.1 (3.1–8.7) | 2.5 (1.4–4.4) | 0 |
| Vegetables | 1.9 (1.1–2.9) | 3.2 (2.1–4.4) | 4.4 (3.0–5.9) | 6.8 (4.8–9.6) | 3.6 (2.2–5.9) | 0 |
| Legumes and nuts | 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 0.3 (0.1–0.4) | 0.4 (0.1–0.6) | 0.5 (0.3–1.1) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0 |
| Dairy | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | 1.3 (0.7–2.1) | 1.6 (0.9–2.6) | 2.1 (1.1–3.3) | 1.4 (0.6–2.4) | 0 |
| Fish and white meat | 0.4 (0.1–0.6) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 1.0 (0.5–1.7) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0 |
| Red meat and meat | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.9 (1.0–3.1) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 0 |
| Eggs | 0.1 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.4 (0.1–0.6) | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.1 |
| Sweets and sweet drinks | 1.7 (0.8–2.9) | 2.4 (1.1–3.7) | 2.6 (1.4–4.1) | 3.4 (1.9–5.4) | 2.4 (1.2–4.1) | 0 |
All values are presented as n (%), unless otherwise indicated. HD, hemodialysis; AVF, arteriovenous fistula; GI, gastrointestinal; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; PTH, parathyroid hormone; IQR, interquartile range; NPCR, normalized protein catabolic rate; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
a
Calculated from the Remer and Manz equation (22).