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. 2016 Jan 12;2016(1):CD009634. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009634.pub2

Comparison 2. Subgroups: transdermal or intranasal nicotine versus placebo.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1 Pain at 60 minutes by type of surgery 6   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.1 Type of surgery is gynaecological 4 374 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.00 [‐0.89, 0.90]
1.2 Type of surgery is mixed/other 2 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.42 [‐2.28, 1.43]
2 Pain at 60 minutes by route of administration 6 442 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.14 [‐0.94, 0.65]
2.1 Route of administration is patch 3 153 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.11 [‐1.40, 1.63]
2.2 Route of administration is inhaler 3 289 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.35 [‐1.19, 0.49]
3 Pain at 60 minutes by smokers or mix of smokers/non‐smokers 6   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
3.1 Non‐smokers only 4 329 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.59 [‐1.38, 0.19]
3.2 Mix of smokers and non‐smokers 2 113 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.93 [0.27, 1.58]
4 Pain at 60 minutes by nicotine dose 6   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.1 ≤ 5 mg 6 398 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.02 [‐0.70, 0.73]
4.2 5‐15 mg 2 35 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.26 [‐3.00, 2.48]
4.3 ≥ 15 mg 2 35 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.07 [‐2.27, 0.13]
5 Pain at 60 minutes by timing of nicotine administration 6   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.1 Pre‐ or intraoperative 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [‐1.01, 1.01]
5.2 Postoperative 2 199 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.67 [‐2.22, 0.88]
5.3 Both 3 153 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.11 [‐1.40, 1.63]
6 Pain at 60 minutes by gender 6   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
6.1 Women only 4 374 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.00 [‐0.89, 0.90]
6.2 Men and women 2 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.42 [‐2.28, 1.43]
7 Pain at 60 minutes by overall quality 6   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
7.1 Good 2 199 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.67 [‐2.22, 0.88]
7.2 Fair 4 243 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.10 [‐0.95, 1.14]
8 Pain at 12 hours by type of surgery 2   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
8.1 Type of surgery is gynaecological 1 85 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.50 [‐0.14, 1.14]
8.2 Type of surgery is male pelvic 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.5 [‐1.14, 0.14]
9 Pain at 12 hours by route of administration 2   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
9.1 Route is patch 2 175 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.00 [‐0.98, 0.98]
10 Pain at 12 hours by smokers or mix of smokers/non‐smokers 2   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
10.1 Non‐smokers only 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.5 [‐1.14, 0.14]
10.2 Mix of smokers and non‐smokers 1 85 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.50 [‐0.14, 1.14]
11 Pain at 12 hours by nicotine dose 2   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
11.1 ≤ 5 mg 1 85 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.50 [‐0.14, 1.14]
11.2 5‐15 mg 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.5 [‐1.14, 0.14]
12 Pain at 12 hours by timing of nicotine administration 2   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
12.1 Pre‐ or intraoperative 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12.2 Pre‐ or intraoperative and postoperative 2 175 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.00 [‐0.98, 0.98]
13 Pain at 12 hours by gender 2   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
13.1 Women only 1 85 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.50 [‐0.14, 1.14]
13.2 Men and women 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.5 [‐1.14, 0.14]
14 Pain at 12 hours by overall quality 2   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
14.1 Fair 2 175 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.00 [‐0.98, 0.98]
15 Pain at 24 hours type of surgery 8   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
15.1 Type of surgery is gynaecological 4 364 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.91 [‐2.08, 0.26]
15.2 Type of surgery is male pelvic 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.7 [‐1.36, ‐0.04]
15.3 Type of surgery is mixed/other 3 108 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.25 [‐1.54, ‐0.95]
16 Pain at 24 hours by route of administration 8   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
16.1 Route is patch 4 243 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.34 [‐0.97, 0.30]
16.2 Route is inhaler 4 319 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.31 [‐2.41, ‐0.21]
17 Pain at 24 hours by smokers or mix of smokers/non‐smokers 8   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
17.1 Non‐smokers only 6 449 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.08 [‐1.89, ‐0.27]
17.2 Mix of smokers and non‐smokers 2 113 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.20 [‐1.30, 0.91]
18 Pain at 24 hours by nicotine dose 8   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
18.1 ≤ 5 mg 7 438 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.70 [‐1.53, 0.12]
18.2 5‐15 mg 3 125 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.69 [‐1.44, 0.06]
18.3 ≥ 15 mg 2 35 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.32 [‐3.28, 0.63]
19 Pain at 24 hours by timing of nicotine administration 8   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
19.1 Pre‐ or intraoperative 2 120 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.14 [‐1.72, ‐0.56]
19.2 Postoperative 2 199 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.72 [‐4.96, 1.51]
19.3 Both 4 243 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.34 [‐0.97, 0.30]
20 Pain at 24 hours by gender 8   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
20.1 Women only 4 364 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.91 [‐2.08, 0.26]
20.2 Men and women 4 198 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.06 [‐1.45, ‐0.68]
21 Pain at 24 hours by overall quality 8   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
21.1 Good 2 199 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.72 [‐4.96, 1.51]
21.2 Fair 5 323 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.36 [‐0.90, 0.18]
21.3 Poor 1 40 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.30 [‐1.61, ‐0.99]
22 Hourly morphine at 60 minutes by type of surgery 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
22.1 Type of surgery is gynaecological 2 100 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.14 [‐0.62, 0.35]
22.2 Type of surgery is mixed/other 2 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.29 [‐0.70, 1.27]
23 Hourly morphine at 60 minutes by route of administration 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
23.1 Route is patch 2 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.29 [‐0.70, 1.27]
23.2 Route is inhaler 2 100 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.14 [‐0.62, 0.35]
24 Hourly morphine at 60 minutes smokers or mix of smokers/non‐smokers 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
24.1 Non‐smokers only 3 140 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.09 [‐0.50, 0.32]
24.2 Mix of smokers and non‐smokers 1 28 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.20 [‐1.11, 1.51]
25 Hourly morphine at 60 minutes by nicotine dose 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
25.1 ≤ 5 mg 3 120 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.11 [‐0.51, 0.28]
25.2 5‐15 mg 2 35 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.14 [‐1.03, 0.75]
25.3 ≥ 15 mg 2 35 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.25 [‐1.39, 0.90]
26 Hourly morphine at 60 minutes timing of nicotine administration 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
26.1 Pre‐ or intraoperative 1 80 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.10 [‐0.28, 0.48]
26.2 Postoperative 1 20 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.40 [‐0.85, 0.05]
26.3 Both 2 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.29 [‐0.70, 1.27]
27 Hourly morphine at 60 minutes by gender 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
27.1 Women only 2 100 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.14 [‐0.62, 0.35]
27.2 Men and women 2 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.29 [‐0.70, 1.27]
28 Hourly morphine at 60 minutes by overall quality 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
28.1 Good 2 100 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.14 [‐0.62, 0.35]
28.2 Fair 2 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.29 [‐0.70, 1.27]
29 Hourly morphine at 24 hours by type of surgery 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
29.1 Type of surgery is gynaecological 2 100 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.77 [‐13.02, 1.47]
29.2 Type of surgery is mixed/other 2 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐8.53 [‐29.63, 12.57]
30 Hourly morphine at 24 hours by route of administration 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
30.1 Route is patch 2 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐8.53 [‐29.63, 12.57]
30.2 Route is inhaler 2 100 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.77 [‐13.02, 1.47]
31 Hourly morphine at 24 hours by smokers or mix of smokers/non‐smokers 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
31.1 Non‐smokers only 3 140 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐6.05 [‐13.12, 1.01]
31.2 Mix of smokers and non‐smokers 1 28 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐6.20 [‐34.40, 22.00]
32 Hourly morphine at 24 hours by nicotine dose 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
32.1 ≤ 5 mg 4 129 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.98 [‐12.92, 0.96]
32.2 5‐15 mg 2 35 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.51 [‐28.90, 17.88]
32.3 ≥ 15 mg 2 35 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.23 [‐25.02, 25.48]
33 Hourly morphine at 24 hours by timing of nicotine administration 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
33.1 Pre‐ or intraoperative 2 108 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.62 [‐12.02, 2.78]
33.2 Postoperative 1 20 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐16.30 [‐38.38, 5.78]
33.3 Both 1 40 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐11.5 [‐43.31, 20.31]
34 Hourly morphine at 24 hours by gender 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
34.1 Women only 2 100 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.77 [‐13.02, 1.47]
34.2 Men and women 2 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐8.53 [‐29.63, 12.57]
35 Hourly morphine at 24 hours overall quality 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
35.1 Good 2 100 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.77 [‐13.02, 1.47]
35.2 Fair 2 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐8.53 [‐29.63, 12.57]
36 Sedation by type of surgery 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
36.1 Type of surgery is gynaecological 1 80 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.35 [‐0.10, 0.79]
36.2 Type of surgery is mixed/other 2 68 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.45 [‐1.54, 0.64]
37 Sedation by route of administration 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
37.1 Route is patch 2 68 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.45 [‐1.54, 0.64]
37.2 Route is inhaler 1 80 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.35 [‐0.10, 0.79]
38 Sedation by smokers or mix of smokers/non‐smokers 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
38.1 Non‐smokers only 2 120 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.27 [‐0.10, 0.65]
38.2 Mix of smokers and non‐smokers 1 28 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.03 [‐1.90, ‐0.16]
39 Sedation by nicotine dose 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
39.1 ≤ 5 mg 3 114 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.03 [‐0.80, 0.75]
39.2 5‐15 mg 2 35 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.74 [‐1.72, 0.24]
39.3 ≥ 15 mg 2 35 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.27 [‐2.41, ‐0.12]
40 Sedation by timing of nicotine administration 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
40.1 Pre‐ or intraoperative 1 80 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.35 [‐0.10, 0.79]
40.2 Both 2 68 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.45 [‐1.54, 0.64]
41 Sedation by gender 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
41.1 Women only 1 80 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.35 [‐0.10, 0.79]
41.2 Men and women 2 68 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.45 [‐1.54, 0.64]
42 Sedation by overall quality 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
42.1 Fair 3 148 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.13 [‐0.88, 0.62]
43 Nausea by type of surgery 7   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
43.1 Type of surgery is gynaecological 3 344 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.21 [0.94, 1.57]
43.2 Type of surgery is male pelvic 1 90 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.38 [0.95, 1.99]
43.3 Type of surgery is mixed/other 3 158 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.16 [0.78, 1.73]
44 Nausea by route of administration 7   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
44.1 Route is patch 5 333 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.31 [1.03, 1.67]
44.2 Route is inhaler 2 259 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.15 [0.86, 1.54]
45 Nausea by smokers or mix of smokers/non‐smokers 7   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
45.1 Non‐smokers only 5 479 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.20 [0.99, 1.47]
45.2 Mix of smokers and non‐smokers 2 113 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.53 [0.92, 2.57]
46 Nausea by nicotine dose 7   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
46.1 ≤ 5 mg 4 364 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.87 [0.45, 1.68]
46.2 5‐15 mg 3 125 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.41 [1.01, 1.95]
46.3 ≥ 15 mg 3 125 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.19 [0.79, 1.79]
47 Nausea by timing of nicotine administration 7   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
47.1 Pre‐ or intraoperative 1 80 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.0 [0.42, 2.40]
47.2 Postoperative 1 179 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.17 [0.86, 1.59]
47.3 Both 5 333 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.31 [1.03, 1.67]
48 Nausea by gender 7   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
48.1 Women only 3 344 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.21 [0.94, 1.57]
48.2 Men and women 4 248 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.27 [0.97, 1.67]
49 Nausea by overall quality 7   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
49.1 Good 2 269 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.13 [0.87, 1.47]
49.2 Fair 5 323 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.36 [1.05, 1.77]
50 Vomiting by type of surgery 7   Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
50.1 Type of surgery is gynaecological 3 354 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.02 [‐0.11, 0.15]
50.2 Type of surgery is male pelvic 1 90 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.12 [‐0.01, 0.24]
50.3 Type of surgery is mixed/other 3 158 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.01 [‐0.08, 0.09]
51 Vomiting by route of administration 7   Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
51.1 Route is patch 5 333 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.05 [‐0.02, 0.12]
51.2 Route is inhaler 2 269 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.00 [‐0.16, 0.17]
52 Vomiting by smokers or mix of smokers/non‐smokers 7   Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
52.1 ≤ 5 mg 5 378 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.01 [‐0.08, 0.10]
52.2 5‐15 mg 3 125 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.06 [‐0.03, 0.16]
52.3 ≥ 15 mg 3 125 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.01 [‐0.10, 0.12]
53 Vomiting by nicotine dose 7   Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
53.1 ≤ 5 mg 5 378 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.01 [‐0.08, 0.10]
53.2 5‐15 mg 3 125 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.06 [‐0.03, 0.16]
53.3 ≥ 15 mg 3 125 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.01 [‐0.10, 0.12]
54 Vomiting by timing of nicotine administration 7   Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
54.1 Pre‐ or intraoperative 1 90 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.07 [‐0.15, 0.02]
54.2 Postoperative 1 179 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.08 [‐0.03, 0.18]
54.3 Both 5 333 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.05 [‐0.02, 0.12]
55 Vomiting by gender 7   Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
55.1 Women only 3 354 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.02 [‐0.11, 0.15]
55.2 Men and women 4 248 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.04 [‐0.03, 0.12]
56 Vomiting by overall quality 7   Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
56.1 Good 2 269 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.06 [‐0.03, 0.16]
56.2 Fair 5 333 Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.02 [‐0.07, 0.10]
57 Time to hospital discharge by type of surgery 1   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
57.1 Type of surgery is male pelvic 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.20 [‐6.19, 8.59]
58 Time to hospital discharge by route of administration 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.20 [‐6.19, 8.59]
58.1 Route is patch 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.20 [‐6.19, 8.59]
59 Time to hospital discharge by smokers or mix of smokers and non‐smokers 1   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
59.1 Non‐smokers only 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.20 [‐6.19, 8.59]
60 Time to hospital discharge by nicotine dose 1   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
60.1 5‐15 mg 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.20 [‐6.19, 8.59]
61 Time to hospital discharge timing of nicotine administration 1   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
61.1 Pre‐ or intraoperative 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.20 [‐6.19, 8.59]
62 Time to hospital discharge by gender 1   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
62.1 Men and women 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.20 [‐6.19, 8.59]
63 Time to hospital discharge by overall quality 1   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
63.1 Fair 1 90 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.20 [‐6.19, 8.59]