Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies according to the PICOS (Participants, Intervention, Results, Outcomes, and Study Design) structure.
| Study | Participant | Intervention | Results (compared to the control group or other studies) | Medical outcomes | Design |
| Ben-Arye et al [22] | Adult patients (>18 years) undergoing adjuvant, neoadjuvant, or palliative treatment for solid tumors | eHealth | Improved compliance/adherence | Not reported | Prospective, controlled, and nonrandomized study |
| Yu et al [25] | Older adult patients (50% >60 years, 60% women, 68% one-time telehealth users) and 45 physicians | Telephone or televideo | Improved patient satisfaction | Not reported | Cross-sectional |
| Richards et al [24] | Adult respondents from a neurosurgical outpatient clinic (mean age 63 years, 50.3% men) | Telephone or televideo | Improved patient satisfaction | Not reported | Qualitative |
| Kurihara et al [23] | Adult patients with Parkinson disease (61% women, mean age 67 years) at Fukuoka University Hospital | Telemedicine self-testing | No control group (nonexperimental) | Not reported | Cross-sectional |
| Alkire et al [26] | Adults (Gen X, Millennial) | Patient portals | No control group (nonexperimental) | Not reported | Nonexperimental |
| Ballin et al [27] | Older adults, 70-year-old men, and women with central obesity | Supervised and web-based | No significant difference; decreased fat mass | Improved in at least one area: decreased fat mass | Randomized controlled trial |
| Banbury et al [28] | Adults >50 years with at least one chronic condition | Telemonitoring | Telemedicine improved results compared to control: companionship, emotional support, health literacy, self-management | Not reported | Mixed methods, quasiexperimental, nonrandomized trial |
| Barnett et al [29] | Adults (22-27 years; 10 men, 10 women), clients of an alcohol and drug counseling service across Australia, and 8 counselors | Webchat | No control group (nonexperimental) | Not reported | Qualitative study, nonexperimental |
| Batalik et al [30] | Adult cardiac rehabilitation patients | Home-based telerehab | No statistically significant difference | No statistically significant difference | Randomized controlled trial |
| Beller et al [31] | Adult patients scheduled for video visits through the University of Virginal urology departments | Televideo | No control group (nonexperimental) | Not reported | Cohort |
| Bernabe-Ortiz et al [32] | Adult participants from a randomized clinical trial on a 1-year mHealtha intervention on blood pressure and body weight 4 years postcompletion | mHealth | Telemedicine improved results compared to control: decreased fat mass | Improved in at least one area; decreased body weight | Retrospective study of a randomized clinical trial |
| Bilgrami et al [33] | Adults with inflammatory bowel disease | Telemedicine self-testing | No statistically significant difference | No statistically significant difference | Randomized controlled trial |
| Broers et al [34] | Adult patients with cardiovascular disease | eHealth | No statistically significant difference; increased quality of life | Not reported | Randomized controlled trial |
| Cho et al [35] | Adult participants (30-59 years) with at least 2 conditions defined by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program expert panel (abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high fasting glucose level) | mHealth | Telemedicine improved results compared to control (decreased fat mass) | Improved in at least one area: decreased fat mass, decreased body weight | Randomized controlled trial |
| Claes et al [36] | Adult patients with cardiovascular disease from 3 European hospitals | eHealth | Improved health behaviors | Not reported | Randomized controlled trial |
| Coorey et al [37] | Adults who had completed 12 months of follow-up from the Consumer Navigation of Electronic Cardiovascular Tools trial | eHealth | No control group (nonexperimental): improved self-management, improved health literacy | Not reported | Qualitative analysis of a randomized controlled study |
| Ding et al [38] | Adults (mean age 70.1 years) with chronic heart failure | Telemonitoring | Telemedicine improved results compared to controls: improved compliance/adherence | Not reported | Randomized controlled trial |
| Geramita et al [39] | Adult lung transplant recipients | mHealth | No statistically significant difference | Not reported | Randomized controlled follow-up study |
| Gong et al [40] | Adult hypertension | mHealth | Telemedicine improved results compared to controls: improved compliance/adherence | Improved in at least one area: reductions in blood pressure | Randomized controlled trial |
| Han et al [41] | Adults (<55 years) prepandemic (S1) and 273 follow-up surveys (S2); university-affiliated, and physicians | eHealth | No control group (nonexperimental): telemedicine improved results compared to controls, improved compliance/adherence | Not reported | Qualitative |
| Harding et al [42] | Adult caregivers with 837 patient assessment outcomes | mHealth | No control group (nonexperimental) | Not reported | Qualitative (pilot study) |
| Hsia et al [43] | Pediatric patients with asthma | mHealth | Telemedicine improved results compared to controls: improved self-management, improved patient satisfaction | Improved self-management, decreased medication use, increase in controlled asthma | Prospective study |
| Hsieh et al [44] | Insured adults (>20 years) | Patient portals | No control group (nonexperimental) | Not reported | Qualitative |
| Hutchesson et al [45] | Adult Australian women with a recent history of preeclampsia | mHealth | No statistically significant difference | No statistically significant difference | Pilot randomized controlled trial |
| Jiménez-Marrero et al [46] | Adult patients with chronic heart failure | Televideo | Telemedicine improved results compared to controls, decreased cost | Improved in at least one area: decreased incidence of heart failure | Randomized controlled trial |
| Katt et al [47] | 180 patients with upper-extremity condition and 302 physicians | Telephone or televideo | Improved patient satisfaction | Not reported | Qualitative |
| Kobe et al [48] | Adult patients (52% men, mean age 62 years, 55.5% African American) of Duke University Health System with type 2 diabetes, poorly controlled hypertension, and on prescription hypertension and diabetes medication | Telephone or televideo | Telemedicine improved results compared to control | Improved in at least one area, improved annual rate eGFRb decline | Secondary analysis of randomized controlled trial |
| Lai et al [49] | Adults with Parkinson disease (telehealth mean age 63 years, control mean age 70 years; 70% men, predominantly White) | Telemonitoring | Telemedicine improved results compared to control: improved compliance/adherence, health behaviors, and patient satisfaction | Not reported | Mixed methods |
| Lemelin et al [50] | Adult women (mean age 32 years) with gestational diabetes mellitus | Telecoaching | Improved patient satisfaction: telemedicine improved results compared to control | Identified other areas for intervention | Prospective and controlled clinical trial |
| Manning et al [51] | Adults from families with toddlers | Televideo | No statistically significant difference | Not reported | Mixed method quasiexperimental and longitudinal design |
| Marques et al [52] | Adult Valladolid University students (74% women, 67.5% aged 18-23 years) | mHealth | No control group (nonexperimental) | Not reported | Qualitative |
| Martins et al [53] | Adult patients (mean age 62 years, 50% women) with suspected acute strokes at a Brazil university hospital | mHealth | Telemedicine improved results compared to control | Improved in at least one area: decreased mortality, decreased intracranial hemorrhage | Prospective observational |
| McGillicuddy et al [54] | Adults (mean 51.5-52.1 years) with kidney transplants (majority men, African American) | mHealth | Telemedicine improved results compared to control | Improved in at least one area: reduction in mean tacrolimus trough coefficient of variation | Randomized controlled clinical trial |
| Mo et al [55] | Adult patients (51.7-53.5 years) with chronic heart failure (approximately 66% men) | Telephone or televideo | Telemedicine improved results compared to control: improved emotional support | Improved in at least one area: mental health inventory, quality of life | Open-label interventional study |
| Mustonen et al [56] | Adult patients (>45 years; mean age 65 years) with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease (approximately 40% women) | Telecoaching | No statistically significant difference | Not reported | Posttrial analysis of a randomized controlled trial |
| O’Shea et al [57] | Adults (77% men, mean age 61 years) | eHealth | Not reported | Not reported | Posttrial analysis of an acceptability and feasibility trial |
| Perri et al [58] | Adults (mean 55.4 years) from 14 counties in Florida (83% women, 73.9% White) | Telephone or televideo | Telemedicine improved results compared to control: decreased fat mass, improved self-management | Improved in at least one area: decreased body weight | Randomized clinical trial |
| Piera-Jiménez et al [59] | Adults (majority 50-70 years and men) from Spain, the Netherlands, and Taiwan | Telemonitoring | Telemedicine improved results compared to control | Improved in at least one area, improved quality of life | Financial randomized controlled trial |
| Press et al [60] | Adults (mean 54.5 years) with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (majority Black women) | mHealth | Telemedicine improved results compared to control: improved self-management health behaviors | Increase in controlled asthma | Randomized controlled trial |
| Ramirez-Correa et al [61] | Adults (mean 39.9 years, 56% men) | Telemedicine self-testing | No control group (nonexperimental) | Not reported | Cross-sectional |
| Ronan et al [62] | Adults with cystic fibrosis involved in a study on an online Tai Chi intervention | Televideo | No statistically significant difference, improved health behaviors | Not reported | Qualitative analysis of a mixed methods randomized controlled feasibility study |
| Sacco et al [63] | Older adults (mean age 88.2 years), 59.8% women | Telephone or video | Improved patient satisfaction, improved emotion support | Not reported | Cross-sectional survey |
| Scheerman et al [64] | Adolescents (12-17 years) and mothers | Social media | Telemedicine improved results compared to control, improved health behaviors | Not reported | Cluster randomized controlled trial |
| Schrauben et al [65] | Adult Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study participants (mean age 68 years, eGFR 54 mL/min/1.73, 59% men) | mHealth | No control group (nonexperimental) | Not reported | Cross-sectional survey |
| Shareef et al [66] | Elderly and disabled people (average age 74.5 years, 59% women) in retirement homes and rehabilitation centers | Robotics or artificial intelligence | Improved companionship | Not reported | Experiment and follow-up survey |
| van Dijk et al [67] | Adult women (mean age 30 years), either less than 13 weeks pregnant or trying to become pregnant, and 36 men | mHealth | Improved compliance/adherence, improved health behaviors | Improved in at least one area, improved self-management | Randomized controlled trial |
amHealth: mobile health.
beGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.