Table III.
Prevalence, crude and adjusted OR of maternal occupational exposure to EDCs and the risk of hypospadias in the offspring (Eurocat) compared to non-malformed controls (Lifelines), Northern Netherlands, 1997–2013.
| Occupational exposure | Total | Unexposed |
Exposeda |
Unadjusted |
Adjustedb |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | n | (%) | n | (%) | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Any EDC | |||||||||
| Controlsc | 2731 | 2214 | (81.1) | 517 | (18.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Hypospadias | 371 | 286 | (77.1) | 85 | (22.9) | 1.27 | (0.98–1.65) | 1.26 | (0.95–1.65) |
| PAHs | |||||||||
| Controlsc | 2731 | 2560 | (93.7) | 171 | (6.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Hypospadias | 371 | 340 | (91.6) | 31 | (8.4) | 1.37 | (0.92–2.03) | 1.37 | (0.91–2.07) |
| Pesticides | |||||||||
| Controlsc | 2731 | 2685 | (98.3) | 46 | (1.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Hypospadias | 371 | 366 | (98.7) | 5 | (1.3) | 0.80 | (0.32–2.02) | 0.76 | (0.30–1.98) |
| Organic solvents/alkylphenolic compoundsd | |||||||||
| Controlsc | 2731 | 2560 | (96.7) | 171 | (3.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Hypospadias | 371 | 347 | (93.5) | 24 | (6.5) | 1.02 | (0.66–1.59) | 0.94 | (0.59–1.48) |
| Phthalates/benzophenones/parabens/siloxanesd | |||||||||
| Controlsc | 2731 | 2620 | (95.9) | 111 | (4.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Hypospadias | 371 | 351 | (95.6) | 20 | (5.4) | 1.35 | (0.83–2.19) | 1.21 | (0.73–2.01) |
a
Possible or probable exposure.
b
Adjusted for birth year, maternal age and BMI smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy.
c
Only boys are selected as controls.
d
Exposure to at least one exposure in this group.
EDC, endocrine-disrupting chemical; PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.