Table 4. Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality for highest versus lowest tertile of plant-based diet scores according to sex and baseline diabetes status, hypertension status, and body mass index (BMI).
| Dietary index | Subgroup | Incident cardiovascular disease | All-cause mortality | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-Interaction | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-Interaction | ||
| Overall plant-based diet index | Overall | 1.09 (0.80–1.47) | 0.60 | 1.07 (0.87–1.33) | 0.52 |
| Females | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.13 | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 0.20 | |
| Males | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | |||
| BMI 18.5 to <25 kg/m2 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.29 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 0.30 | |
| BMI 25 to <30 kg/m2 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | |||
| BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | |||
| Diabetes | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 0.18 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.38 | |
| No diabetes | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | |||
| Hypertension | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.77 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.52 | |
| No hypertension | 0.99 (0.93–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | |||
| Healthy plant-based diet index | Overall | 1.02 (0.76–1.36) | 0.92 | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | 0.65 |
| Females | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.47 | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 0.08 | |
| Males | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | |||
| BMI 18.5 to <25 kg/m2 | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 0.18 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 0.14 | |
| BMI 25 to <30 kg/m2 | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | |||
| BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | |||
| Diabetes | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) | 0.94 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.92 | |
| No diabetes | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | |||
| Hypertension | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.09 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.50 | |
| No hypertension | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | |||
| Unhealthy plant-based diet index | Overall | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) | 0.85 | 1.15 (0.93–1.42) | 0.20 |
| Females | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.80 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.99 | |
| Males | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | |||
| BMI 18.5 to <25 kg/m2 | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.87 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.36 | |
| BMI 25 to <30 kg/m2 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | |||
| BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | |||
| Diabetes | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.78 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.27 | |
| No diabetes | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | |||
| Hypertension | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.09 | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.46 | |
| No hypertension | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | |||
Dietary data were self-reported. Models adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake, educational attainment, smoking status, alcohol intake, margarine intake, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hormone replacement therapy medication use, and statin medication use.