Table 2.
Results of the generalized estimating equation analyses.
| Predictive variable |
χ2 |
df |
P value |
| Average pain intensity | |||
| Opioid use profile | 20.408 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Type of pain | 6.981 | 2 | 0.05 |
| Time | 84.732 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.316 | 1 | 0.574 |
| Age | 7.402 | 1 | 0.007 |
| Pain duration | 28.957 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Pain frequency | 26.073 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Worst pain intensity | |||
| Opioid use profile | 54.127 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Type of pain | 15.384 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Time | 88.432 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.877 | 1 | 0.349 |
| Age | 0.305 | 1 | 0.581 |
| Pain duration | 37.005 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Pain frequency | 19.775 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Pain interference | |||
| Opioid use profile | 20.890 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Type of pain | 8.479 | 2 | 0.14 |
| Time | 67.182 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Sex | 1.082 | 1 | 0.298 |
| Age | 1.646 | 1 | 0.199 |
| Pain duration | 42.196 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Pain frequency | 38.336 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Physical quality of life | |||
| Opioid use profile | 28.287 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Type of pain | 1.955 | 2 | 0.376 |
| Time | 43.747 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.536 | 1 | 0.464 |
| Age | 15.432 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Pain duration | 6.032 | 2 | <0.05 |
| Pain frequency | 17.027 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Mental health–related quality of life | |||
| Opioid use profile | 5.153 | 2 | 0.076 |
| Type of pain | 4.548 | 2 | 0.103 |
| Time | 17.672 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.680 | 1 | 0.410 |
| Age | 14.813 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Pain duration | 9.414 | 2 | <0.05 |
| Pain frequency | 9.285 | 1 | <0.005 |