Table 4.

Testing relationships between predictor and outcome variables.

Variable	Pain flashbacks group	No pain flashbacks group	Test statistic	Effect sizea
PTSD severity	M = 37.49 (7.35), n = 72	M = 37.01 (8.28), n = 67	W (132.21) = 2301, P = 0.64	0.061
Anxiety	M = 15.33 (3.32), n = 73	M = 15.55 (3.89), n = 73	W (140.49) = 2755, P = 0.72	−0.061
Depression	M = 11.06 (4.14), n = 73	M = 11.43 (4.76), n = 72	t(139.7) = 0.49, P = 0.63	−0.082
Childhood trauma	Yes = 61	Yes = 56	χ2(1) = 0.85,	0.071
	No = 21	No = 28	P = 0.35
Sexual trauma	Yes = 49	Yes = 55	χ2(1) = 0.36,	0.047
	No = 33	No = 29	P = 0.55
Single trauma	Yes = 6	Yes = 14	χ2(1) = 2.59,	0.125
	No = 74	No = 70	P = 0.1
Extent of trauma pain	M = 2.63 (1.17), n = 84	M = 1.86 (1.68), n = 82	W (148.47) = 2351, P = 0.0003*	0.53

^aCalculated as Cohen’s d for continuous variables and phi (φ) for chi-square.

*P < 0.001.