Table 1.
Patient characteristics and program engagement.
| n | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| Mean (SD) | 44.07 (14.09) | — |
| Range | 21–70 | — |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 16 | 29 |
| Female | 39 | 71 |
| Marital status | ||
| Single/never married | 12 | 22 |
| Married/common law | 34 | 62 |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 7 | 13 |
| Undisclosed | 2 | 3 |
| Education | ||
| Less than high school | 1 | 2 |
| High school diploma | 11 | 20 |
| Post high school certificate/diploma | 13 | 24 |
| University education | 30 | 54 |
| Employment status | ||
| Employed part-time/full-time | 21 | 38 |
| Unemployed | 5 | 9 |
| Homemaker | 2 | 4 |
| Student | 3 | 5 |
| Retired | 6 | 11 |
| Short-term disability | 8 | 15 |
| Long-term disability | 10 | 18 |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Caucasian | 49 | 89 |
| Indigenous | 2 | 4 |
| Other | 3 | 5 |
| Undisclosed | 1 | 2 |
| Location | ||
| Large city (over 200,000) | 25 | 45 |
| Small city | 14 | 26 |
| Small rural location | 16 | 29 |
| Duration of pain symptoms (years) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 6.00 (7.53) | — |
| Range | 0.25–42.00 | — |
| Pain location | ||
| Upper back/middle back/lower back | 43 | 78 |
| Hip/pelvis/leg/foot | 36 | 65 |
| Shoulder/arm/hand | 25 | 45 |
| Head/face | 19 | 35 |
| Other | 13 | 24 |
| Average number of pain sites (SD) | 4.51 (3.06) | — |
| Prescription medication | ||
| Pain | 44 | 88 |
| Mental health | 29 | 53 |
| Prescription medications reporteda | ||
| Strong opioid analgesics | 18 | 33 |
| Weak opioid analgesics | 11 | 20 |
| Anticonvulsants | 16 | 29 |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories | 12 | 22 |
| Muscle relaxants | 4 | 7 |
| Benzodiazepines | 5 | 9 |
| Anxiolytics and antidepressants | 37 | 67 |
| Other pain or mental health medications | 13 | 24 |
| Mean number of prescription medications reported (SD) | 2.11 (1.55) | — |
| Mental health characteristics | ||
| Infrequent use of some form of mental health treatment | 25 | 45 |
| Pretreatment GAD-7 ≥ 10 | 23 | 42 |
| Pretreatment PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | 42 | 76 |
| Program engagement | ||
| Completion of four lessons | 48 | 87 |
| Completion of five lessons | 42 | 76 |
| Completion of posttreatment questionnaires | 46 | 84 |
| Completion of 3-month follow-up questionnaires | 34 | 62 |
| Mean number of log-ins (SD) | 22.18 (14.97) | — |
| Mean days between first and last log-in (SD) | 86.51 (49.88) | — |
| Mean number of phone calls with therapist (SD) | 5.40 (2.05) | — |
| Mean written messages sent to therapist (SD) | 2.36 (2.76) | — |
| Mean written messages received from therapist (SD) | 4.60 (2.05) | — |
aOnly prescription medications for pain, a pain-related condition, anxiety, or depression are reported. Strong opioids: buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone; weak opioids: codeine, tramadol, tapentadol; anxiolytics, and antidepressants: beta-blockers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, norepinephrine and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclics, and tetracyclics; other psychotropic or pain medications: corticosteroids, antispasmodics, serotonin agonists, dopamine agonists, antipsychotics, and psychostimulants.
GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire 9-Item.