Table 2.
Means, standard deviations, and effect sizes for the primary and secondary outcome measures.a
| Estimated marginal mean values |
Percentage change from baselineb |
Cohen’s d effect sizes from pretreatment |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pretreatment | Posttreatment | 3-Month follow up | Posttreatment | 3-Month follow up | Posttreatment | 3-Month follow up | |
| Primary outcomes | |||||||
| GAD-7 | 9.33 (5.40) | 6.36 (6.00) | 6.49 (6.62) | 32 (12 to 47) | 30 (9 to 47) | 0.52 (0.14 to 0.90) | 0.47 (0.09 to 0.85) |
| PHQ-9 | 13.07 (5.48) | 8.33 (5.67) | 9.10 (6.83) | 36 (24 to 47) | 30 (15 to 43) | 0.85 (0.46 to 1.24) | 0.64 (0.26 to 1.02) |
| RMDQ | 14.44 (4.93) | 11.84 (6.48) | 11.19 (6.41) | 18 (6 to 30) | 22 (11 to 34) | 0.45 (0.07 to 0.83) | 0.57 (0.19 to 0.95) |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||||
| BPI-Severity | 5.15 (1.74) | 4.94 (1.95) | 4.70 (1.75) | 4 (−6 to 14) | 9 (0 to 18) | 0.11 (−0.26 to 0.49) | 0.26 (−0.12 to 0.63) |
| CPAQ-8 | 18.91 (8.38) | 25.16 (9.35) | 26.42 (9.12) | 25 (16 to 34) | 28 (20 to 37) | 0.70 (0.32 to 1.09) | 0.86 (0.47 to 1.25) |
| PSEQ | 24.18 (11.73) | 34.20 (12.51) | 40.48 (26.02) | 29 (20 to 38) | 40 (33 to 48) | 0.83 (0.44 to 1.22) | 0.81 (0.42 to 1.20) |
| TSK | 41.15 (7.08) | 37.20 (7.70) | 39.21 (10.85) | 10 (4 to 14) | 5 (−3 to 11) | 0.53 (0.15 to 0.91) | 0.21 (−0.16 to 0.59) |
aSDs and confidence intervals are shown in parentheses for means, percentage change, and effect sizes, respectively.
bThe percentage change from baseline statistics are estimates of relative change derived from the GEE models conducted separately for each outcome.
GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire 9-Item; RMDQ = Roland Morris Disability Measure; BPI = Brief Pain Inventory; CPAQ-8 = Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire 8-Item; PSEQ = Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; TSK = TAMPA Scale of Kinesiophobia.