Table 1.
Demographic and clinical variables for the two groups of TPS participants.a
| ACT (n = 91) |
No ACT (n = 252) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n | Mean (SD) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % |
| Age (years) | 89 | 48.36 (13.76) | 238 | 53.38 (14.37) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 43 | 48.39 | 132 | 44.50 |
| Female | 46 | 51.70 | 106 | 55.50 |
| TPS attendance (weeks)b | 84 | 22.09 (19.96) | 198 | 10.40 (17.80) |
| Medical visits | 85 | 8.11 (7.32) | 199 | 3.42 (4.87) |
| Psychology visits | 91 | 4.90 (6.46) | — | — |
| Number of morbiditiesc | ||||
| None | 1 | 1.12 | 3 | 1.62 |
| 1–3 | 41 | 46.07 | 103 | 55.68 |
| 4–6 | 21 | 23.40 | 61 | 32.97 |
| 7–9 | 9 | 10.11 | 16 | 8.65 |
| ≥10 | 2 | 2.24 | 2 | 1.08 |
| Preoperative chronic pain | ||||
| Yes | 54 | 59.30 | 121 | 48.00 |
| No | 20 | 22.00 | 69 | 27.40 |
| N/Ad | 17 | 18.70 | 62 | 24.60 |
| Preoperative mental health condition | ||||
| Yes | 33 | 41.30 | 33 | 17.40 |
| No | 47 | 58.80 | 157 | 82.60 |
| Preoperative mental health medications | ||||
| Antidepressants | 11 | 12.50 | 16 | 7.30 |
| Anticonvulsants | 6 | 6.80 | 1 | 0.50 |
| Anxiolytics | 13 | 14.80 | 20 | 9.0 |
| SNRI | 8 | 9.10 | 10 | 4.50 |
| SSRI | 6 | 6.80 | 16 | 7.20 |
| Preoperative opioid use | ||||
| Yes | 52 | 58.40 | 113 | 47.10 |
| No | 37 | 41.60 | 127 | 52.90 |
| Preoperative MEDe | 52 | 95.98 (121.04) | 113 | 95.63 (128.09) |
aPercentages are valid percentages.
bTime (in weeks) in between first and last TPS outpatient visits.
cRefers to any chronic health conditions including preexisting chronic pain.
dPreoperative chronic pain status was not available for 86% of patients referred to the TPS after surgery.
eMED 24 h presurgery.
TPS = Transitional Pain Service; ACT = acceptance and commitment therapy; N/A = data not available; SNRI = serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; MED = morphine equivalent dosage.