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. 2021 Oct 23;41(2):147–158. doi: 10.1038/s41388-021-02069-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The diverse roles of Gα12 and Gα13 allow their functions in cancer pathogenesis to be categorized according to the six ‘classical’ hallmarks and two ‘emerging’ hallmarks. Gα12/13 proteins impact the various hallmarks by either inducing oncogenic signaling pathways (labeled red) or suppressing tumor suppressive mechanisms (labeled blue). The degree of impact that Gα12/13 proteins have on each component may vary and this is reflected by the font size of the gene/pathway. See text for details.