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. 2021 Oct 23;41(2):147–158. doi: 10.1038/s41388-021-02069-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Gα12/13 has been shown to drive both EMT-dependent and -independent mechanisms of cancer stem cells/tumor-initiating cells (CSCs/TICs) formations. Both proteins have also been reported to drive EMT and stemness in cancers through multiple signaling mechanisms. CSC-like phenotype induced by Gα12/13 can then contribute to multiple steps in cancer initiation and progression as shown in the figure. See text for details.