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The effects of trace elements on OA. B, boron; Cd, cadmium; Cu, copper; Fe, iron; Mg, magnesium; Mn, manganese; Se, selenium; Zn, zinc. Trace elements such as boron and selenium have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, increasing cartilage matrix formation and enhancing chondrocyte proliferation, resulting in preventing and treating OA. However, excessive or insufficient trace elements like copper are risk factors for osteoarthritis.
