Fig. 6.

The inhibition of GPS on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α in serum and paw tissue. a, b The TNF-α and IL-6 levels were markedly decreased by the treatment of GPS than the control group in serum. c–e The IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 levels were significantly reduced in MSU + 100 mg/kg and MSU + 200 mg/kg groups in paw tissue. Values are expressed as means ± SD. ^###p < 0.001 vs. the control group; *p < 0.05 vs. the MSU + Veh group; **p < 0.01 vs. the MSU + Veh group. ***p < 0.001 vs. the MSU + Veh group. ns, not significantly different from MSU + Veh group