Table 1.
The characteristics of research participants (n = 4,115).
| Variables | Group | Number | Constituent ratio (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 1,626 | 39.51 |
| Female | 2,489 | 60.49 | |
| Age (year), mean ± SD |
20.27 ± 1.30, Range (17–26) | ||
| Birthplace | City | 943 | 22.92 |
| Town | 1,067 | 25.93 | |
| Village | 2,105 | 51.15 | |
| Grade | First-year | 1328 | 32.27 |
| Second-year | 1,639 | 39.83 | |
| Third-year | 1,148 | 27.90 | |
| Father's education level | Primary school or below | 763 | 18.54 |
| Junior high school | 2,057 | 49.99 | |
| Senior high school | 738 | 17.93 | |
| Junior college | 311 | 7.56 | |
| Bachelor degree and above | 246 | 5.98 | |
| Mother's education level | Primary school or below | 1,689 | 41.04 |
| Junior high school | 1,586 | 38.54 | |
| Senior high school | 508 | 12.35 | |
| Junior college | 225 | 5.47 | |
| Bachelor degree and above | 107 | 2.60 | |
| Relationship between parents | Poor | 155 | 3.77 |
| General | 772 | 18.76 | |
| Good | 3,188 | 77.47 | |
| Relationship with mother | Poor | 36 | 0.88 |
| General | 517 | 12.56 | |
| Good | 3,562 | 86.56 | |
| Relationship with father | Poor | 107 | 2.60 |
| General | 933 | 22.67 | |
| Good | 3,075 | 74.73 | |
| The school records in the class in the past six months | Top-grade | 1,500 | 36.45 |
| Middle-grade | 1,851 | 44.98 | |
| Bottom-grade | 764 | 18.57 | |
| Online learning time (hours) | 0–2 | 350 | 8.50 |
| 2–4 | 794 | 19.30 | |
| ≥4 | 2,971 | 72.20 | |
| Satisfaction with online learning effects | satisfied | 1,514 | 36.79 |
| General | 1,983 | 48.19 | |
| Dissatisfied | 618 | 15.02 |