Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| References | Location | N | Female, n (%) | Age | PEDro score | Disorder | Diagnosis | Drugs | Intervention | Delivery format |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arnedt et al. (34) | USA | 17 | 6 (35%) | 46 | 6 | Insomnia, alcohol dependent | ISI ≥8, ICSD, DSM-IV | Not specified | CBT for insomnia for alcohol dependent | Individual |
| Ayabe et al. (35) | Japan | 51 | 15 (30%) | 60 | 8 | Pharmacotherapy-resistant insomnia | ISI ≥8, ICSD, DSM-IV | Benzodiazepine | Add-on cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia | Individual |
| Bothelius et al. (36) | Sweden | 66 | 57 (86%) | 51 | 8 | Chronic insomnia | Self-report, daytime impairment | Hypnotics | Manual-guided CBT-I delivered by ordinary primary care personnel | Group |
| Carney et al. (37) | USA | 107 | 68 (73%) | 42 | 5 | Insomnia, depression | ISI ≥15, SE, TWT, SCID, HAMD-17 | Escitalopram | CBT for insomnia | Individual |
| Chen et al. (38) | Taiwan | 72 | 42 (58%) | 58 | 6 | Sleep disturbance, renal disease | PSQI >5, self-report | Not specified | CBT for insomnia | Group |
| Currie et al. (39) | Canada | 60 | 18 (30%) | 43 | 5 | Insomnia, alcohol dependent | Self-report, SCID | Hypnotics | Brief individual cognitive behavioral interventions for insomnia | Individual |
| Drake et al. (40) | USA | 154 | 154 (100%) | 56 | 5 | Chronic insomnia | DSM-5, ICSD | Not specified | CBT for insomnia | Individual |
| Ellis et al. (41) | UK | 40 | Not reported | 33 | 7 | Acute insomnia | DSM-5 | Not specified | “Single-shot” CBT for insomnia | Individual |
| Espie et al. (42) | UK | 201 | 137 (68%) | 54 | 7 | Persistent insomnia | DSM-IV, ICSD | Not specified | Nurse-administered small-group CBT | Group |
| Garland et al. (43) | USA | 45 | 43 (96%) | 56 | 6 | Insomnia | ICSD | Armodafinil | CBT for insomnia | Individual |
| Hou et al. (44) | China | 98 | 56 (57%) | 53 | 8 | Insomnia, renal disease | PSQI >7, SCL-90 | Not specified | Progressive muscle relaxation, sleep-related behavior modification | Group |
| Jacobs et al. (45) | USA | 30 | 27 (70%) | 47 | 6 | Insomnia | ICSD | Hypnotics | CBT + 1 telephone treatment session | Individual |
| Jansson-Fröjmark et al. (46) | Sweden | 32 | 20 (63%) | 56 | 5 | Insomnia, hearing impairment | ICSD | Not specified | CBT for insomnia | Individual |
| Jungquist et al. (47) | USA | 28 | 24 (86%) | 49 | 5 | Insomnia, chronic pain | ICSD | Drugs for pain | CBT for insomnia | Individual |
| Lovato et al. (48) | Australia | 118 | 63 (53%) | 64 | 6 | Insomnia | PSQI, self-report | Not specified | Brief 4-week group-administered CBT for insomnia | Group |
| Manber et al. (49) | USA | 30 | 17 (61%) | 35 | 7 | Insomnia, major depression | DSM-IV, HRSD-17, ICSD | Escitalopram | CBT for insomnia | Individual |
| McCrae et al. (50) | USA | 76 | 76 (100%) | 53 | 8 | Insomnia, chronic pain | ICSD | Antidepressants, drugs for pain | CBT for insomnia | Individual |
| Morin et al. (51) | USA | 78 | 50 (64%) | 65 | 5 | Insomnia | ICSD | Temazepam | CBT (stimulus control, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene, cognitive therapy) | Group |
| Norell-Clarke et al. (52) | Sweden | 64 | 25 (77%) | 52 | 8 | Insomnia, depressive symptom | DSISD, SCID, BDI | Not specified | Group CBT for insomnia | Group |
| Pigeon et al. (53) | USA | 21 | 14 (67%) | 51 | 5 | Insomnia, chronic pain | ICSD, apnea-hypopnea index <10 | Not specified | CBT for insomnia, CBT for pain | Individual |
| Sadler et al. (54) | Australia | 72 | 40 (56%) | 75 | 4 | Insomnia, depression | DSM-5 | Not specified | CBT for insomnia | Group |
| Savard et al. (55) | Canada | 58 | 58 (100%) | 54 | 8 | Insomnia secondary to cancer | IIS, ICSD | Hypnotics | Immediately delivered CBT | Group |
| Schiller et al. (56) | Sweden | 51 | 32 (63%) | 42 | 7 | Moderate insomnia | Self-report | Not specified | Workplace-based group CBT for insomnia | Group |
| Sivertsen et al. (57) | Norway | 30 | 16 (53%) | 61 | 5 | Chronic insomnia | DSM-IV | Not specified | CBT (sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive therapy, and relaxation) | Individual |
| Smith et al. (58) | USA | 100 | 79 (79%) | 59 | 5 | Insomnia, osteoarthritis | ICSD, self-report | Not specified | Standardized CBT for insomnia | Individual |
| Soeffing et al. (59) | USA | 47 | Not reported | 64 | 8 | Insomnia, hypnotic dependent | SCID, ICSD | Hypnotics | CBT for insomnia | Individual |
| Song et al. (60) | Korea | 40 | 26 (65%) | 56 | 6 | Insomnia, restless leg syndrome | ICSD-3 | Not specified | CBT for insomnia | Group |
| Talbot et al. (61) | USA | 45 | 31 (69%) | 37 | 5 | Insomnia, PTSD | DSM-IV | Not specified | CBT for insomnia | Individual |
| Taylor et al. (63) | USA | 100 | 85 (85%) | 32 | 5 | Insomnia | DSM-5, SE <85%, self-report | Not specified | CBT for insomnia | Group |
| Taylor et al. (62) | USA | 151 | 27 (18%) | 32 | 8 | Insomnia | DSM-5, SE <85%, self-report | Not specified | CBT for insomnia | Group |
| Vitiello et al. (64) | USA | 367 | 288 (79%) | 73 | 8 | Insomnia, osteoarthritis pain | Self-report | Not specified | CBT for insomnia | Group |
| References | Manual | Number of sessions ( n ) | Duration of sessions (min) | Duration of treatment (weeks) | Therapist type | Compliance (%) | Control | Outcome measurements | Follow up | |
| Arnedt et al. (34) | Yes | 8 | 15–60 | 8 w | 2 Authors with certificate | 59 | Behavioral placebo treatment | ISI, sleep diaries, BDI-II, STAI-T, MFI-20, SF-36 | N/A | |
| Ayabe et al. (35) | Yes | 5 | 50 | 10 w | Trained clinical psychologists | 96 | Treatment as usual | ISI, PSQI, sleep diaries, SDS | 4 w | |
| Bothelius et al. (36) | Yes | 5 | 60–90 | 9 w | 4 Primary health-care nurses and 1 social worker | 85 | Wait list control | ISI, sleep diaries | 18 m | |
| Carney et al. (37) | Yes | 4 | 60 | 8 w | Master's-level students | 63 | Sleep hygiene | ISI, Sleep diaries, HAMD-17 | 6 m | |
| Chen et al. (38) | No | 2 | 30 | 6 w | 2 Psychiatrists and 1 assistant psychologist | 100 | Sleep hygiene | PSQI, sleep diaries, BAI, BDI, FSS | N/A | |
| Currie et al. (39) | Yes | 5 | 60 | 7 w | 3 Mental health professionals | 78% | Wait list control | PSQI, sleep diaries, BDI | 6 m | |
| Drake et al. (40) | No | 6 | <60 | 6 w | 1 Registered nurse | 97 | Sleep hygiene | ISI, sleep diaries | 6 m | |
| Ellis et al. (41) | No | 1 | 60–70 | 1 w | 1 Practicing health psychologist and somnologist | 100 | Wait list control | ISI, sleep diaries | 1 m | |
| Espie et al. (42) | No | 5 | 60 | 5 w | 7 Primary care nurses | 89 | Treatment as usual | PSQI, sleep diaries, SF-36 | 6 m | |
| Garland et al. (43) | No | 7 | 15–60 | 7 w | Not reported | 83 | Medication only | Sleep diaries | N/A | |
| Hou et al. (44) | No | 36 | 20 | 3 m | Not reported | 100 | Treatment as usual | PSQI, SCL-90 | N/A | |
| Jacobs et al. (45) | No | 4 | 30 | 6 w | Not reported | 93 | Placebo treatment | Sleep diaries | 12 m | |
| Jansson-Fröjmark et al. (46) | Yes | 7 | <60 | 7 w | 3 Trained psychologists | 94 | Wait list control | ISI, sleep diaries, HADS | 3 m | |
| Jungquist et al. (47) | Yes | 8 | 30–60 | 8 w | 1 Masters prepared nurse therapist | 75 | Treatment as usual | ISI, sleep diaries, BDI | N/A | |
| Lovato et al. (48) | No | 4 | 60 | 4 w | 5 Trainee psychologists | 97 | Wait list control | ISI, sleep diaries, flinders fatigue scale, sleep anticipatory anxiety | 3 m | |
| Manber et al. (49) | No | 7 | 60 | 12 w | 2 Licensed clinical psychologists | 73 | Sleep hygiene | ISI, sleep diaries, HRSD-17 | N/A | |
| McCrae et al. (50) | Yes | 8 | 50 | 8 w | 3 Predoctoral students in clinical psychology | 72 | Wait list control | Sleep diaries, BDI, STAI-T | 6 m | |
| Morin et al. (51) | No | 8 | 90 | 8 w | 1 Licensed clinical psychologist or 1 postdoctoral | 95 | Placebo treatment | Sleep diaries | 24 m | |
| Norell-Clarke et al. (52) | Yes | 4 | 120 | 8 w | 1 Licensed psychologist | 83 | Relaxation training | ISI, sleep diaries, BDI-II | 6 m | |
| Pigeon et al. (53) | Yes | 10 | 30–60 | 10 w | 2 Experienced CBT psychologists | 100 | Wait list control | ISI, sleep diaries, CESD-R, MFI | N/A | |
| Sadler et al. (54) | Yes | 8 | 60–90 | 8 w | 2 Therapists | 96 | Psychoeducation | ISI, sleep diaries, GDS | 3 m | |
| Savard et al. (55) | Yes | 8 | 90 | 8 w | 1 Master-level psychologist | 93 | Wait list control | ISI, sleep diaries | 12 m | |
| Schiller et al. (56) | No | 5 | 120 | 3 m | 1 Trained, certified clinical psychologist | 100 | Wait list control | ISI, sleep diaries, HADS | 3 m | |
| Sivertsen et al. (57) | Yes | 6 | 50 | 6 w | 2 Clinical psychologists | 94 | Placebo treatment | Sleep diaries | 6 m | |
| Smith et al. (58) | Yes | 8 | 45 | 8 w | Postdoctoral clinical psychology fellows/faculty | 91 | Behavioral desensitization | ISI, sleep diaries | 6 m | |
| Soeffing et al. (59) | No | 8 | 60 | 8 w | Doctoral students in clinical psychology | 100 | sham biofeedback treatment | Sleep diaries | N/A | |
| Song et al. (60) | Yes | 4 | 60 | 4 w | Not reported | 63 | Sleep hygiene | ISI, sleep diaries, BDI, BAI | 3 m | |
| Talbot et al. (61) | Yes | 8 | 60 | 8 w | Licensed clinical psychologists, certified psychiatrist | 93 | Wait list control | ISI, PSQI, sleep diaries, BDI | 6m | |
| Taylor et al. (63) | No | 6 | 60 | 6 w | Licensed clinical psychologists, clinical psychology postdoctoral fellows, licensed clinical social worker | 86 | Minimal contact | ISI, sleep diaries | 6 m | |
| Taylor et al. (62) | No | 6 | 60 | 6 w | Licensed clinical psychologists, clinical psychology postdoctoral fellows, licensed clinical social worker | 87 | Minimal contact | ISI, sleep diaries, MFI, BDI, BAI | 6 m | |
| Vitiello et al. (64) | No | 6 | 90 | 6 w | 1 master's-level family counselor and 1 Ph.D. psychologist | 93 | Education only control | ISI, SE, GDS | 9 m |
BAI, Beck anxiety inventory; BDI, Beck depression inventory; CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; CESD-R: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-revised; DSISD, Duke structured clinical interview for insomnia; DSM-IV, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth edition; DSM-5, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition; FSS, fatigue severity scale; GDS, geriatric depression scale; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; HAMD-17, Hamilton depression rating scale; HRSD-17, 17-item Hamilton rating scale for depression; ICSD, international classification of insomnia; IIS, insomnia interview schedule; ISI, insomnia severity index; MFI, multidimensional fatigue inventory; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; PEDro, Physiotherapy Evidence Database; RT, relaxation training; SDS, self-rating depression scale; SCID, structured clinical interview for DSM-IV; SCL 90, symptom checklist 90; SE, sleep efficiency; SF-36: 36-item medical outcomes study short-form general health survey; SOL, sleep onset latency; STAI-T, state-trait anxiety inventory-trait subscale; TWT, total wake time; WASO, wake after sleep onset.