Table 2.
Total effects of CBT on all outcomes.
| Variables | Studies (n) | Participants (N) | Mean difference | Effect size | Publication bias | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean difference (95% CI) | Q-test | I2 (%) | Standardized mean difference (95% CI) | Q-test | I2 (%) | Egger's t (95% CI) | |||
| Insomnia Severity Index | 20 | 1,398 | −5.19*** (−6.30, −4.07) | 1952.01*** | 97.57*** | −2.56*** (−3.81, −1.30) | 516.28*** | 98.89*** | 1.05 (−0.89, 2.69) |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 5 | 462 | −3.13*** (−3.71, −2.56) | 2.93 | 0.00 | −0.96*** (−1.25, −0.68) | 7.43 | 47.62 | 0.20 (−3.99, 4.52) |
| Total sleep time | 25 | 1,523 | 23.21*** (14.56, 31.87) | 235.35*** | 83.31*** | 0.63*** (0.28, 0.98) | 215.91*** | 91.20*** | −0.18 (−1.19, 1.00) |
| Sleep efficiency | 24 | 1,698 | 8.53*** (6.41, 10.65) | 919.31*** | 96.67*** | 1.61*** (0.92, 2.29) | 474.64*** | 97.26*** | 1.51(−0.36, 2.27) |
| Sleep onset latency | 21 | 1,477 | −16.43*** (−21.04, −11.81) | 447.91*** | 93.75*** | −1.31*** (−2.00, −0.63) | 367.33*** | 97.09*** | −0.87 (−2.02, 0.84) |
| Wake after sleep onset | 20 | 1,387 | −25.74*** (−32.46, −19.02) | 217.21*** | 92.56*** | −1.44*** (−2.14, −0.74) | 360.23*** | 97.01*** | −0.42 (−1.76, 1.18) |
| Number of awakenings | 7 | 543 | −0.69*** (−0.91, −0.46) | 18.60** | 72.02** | −1.18* (−2.10, −0.26) | 142.09*** | 95.23*** | 0.98 (−1.22, 2.71) |
| Depression | 15 | 753 | −3.67*** (−5.66, −1.68) | 294.27*** | 97.58*** | −1.14** (−1.85, −0.42) | 135.21*** | 95.20*** | 0.04 (−1.82, 1.89) |
| Anxiety | 8 | 493 | −0.66 (−1.53, 0.22) | 73.20*** | 88.09*** | −0.62 (−1.55, 0.32) | 67.90*** | 95.83*** | −0.86 (−1.89, 0.90) |
| Fatigue | 6 | 426 | −4.74* (−9.34, −0.14) | 860.29*** | 99.94*** | −2.23** (−3.87, −0.58) | 183.37*** | 97.35*** | −1.77 (−5.01, 1.43) |
| Physical health | 3 | 369 | 1.90*** (1.02, 2.78) | 1.01 | 0.00 | 0.42* (0.08, 0.76) | 3.85 | 51.86 | 1.00 (−9.78, 11.45) |
| Mental health | 3 | 369 | 4.95* (1.01, 8.90) | 10.40** | 80.07** | 1.09 (−0.59, 2.77) | 86.20*** | 97.34*** | −3.18 (−14.87, 8.91) |
CI, confidence interval.
#x0002A;: p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001.