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. 2022 Jan 5;13:3. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27738-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Cellular level of acetyl-CoA in non-OA (n = 10) and OA (n = 10) chondrocytes (left panel), P < 0.0001, and iMACs-treated w/wo IL-1β (right panel), P < 0.0001. b Cellular level of acetyl-CoA (0 vs. 5 mM acetate, P = 0.0072, 10 mM acetate, P < 0.0001, 25 mM acetate, P < 0.0001) FFA (0 vs. 5 mM acetate, P = 0.9928, 10 mM acetate, P < 0.0001, 25 mM acetate, P < 0.0001), and TG (0 vs. 5 mM acetate, P = 0.2767, 10 mM acetate, P = 0.0006, 25 mM acetate, P < 0.0001) with sodium acetate treatment (n = 3). c Expression level of Acaca (P < 0.0001), Fasn (0 vs. 5 mM acetate, P = 0.3177, 10 mM acetate, P < 0.0001, 25 mM acetate, P < 0.0001 for 25 mM) and Scd1 (P < 0.0001) with sodium acetate treatment (n = 3). d Expression level of Mmp13 (0 vs. 5 mM acetate, P = 0.0819, 10 mM acetate, P = 0.0199, 25 mM acetate, P < 0.0001), Adamts4 (0 vs. 5 mM acetate, P = 0.0038, 10 mM acetate, P = 0.0053, 25 mM acetate, P < 0.0001), and Adamts5 (0 vs. 5 mM acetate, P = 0.2391, 10 mM acetate, P = 0.0045, 25 mM acetate, P < 0.0001) with sodium acetate treatment. e Safranin O staining, TUNEL analysis, and immunohistochemistry of MMP13 in mouse cartilage injected with chitosan (n = 6) or chitosan-AcCoA (n = 6). The degree of cartilage degradation quantified according to OARSI grade (P = 0.0016) and TUNEL- (P < 0.0001) and MMP13-positive cell (P < 0.0001) are indicated by bar–dot plot. Scale bars, 100 μm. f BODIPY staining and immunohistochemistry of FASN and SCD1 in mouse cartilage injected with chitosan or chitosan-AcCoA. Scale bars, 100 μm. BODIPY- (P < 0.0001), FASN- (P < 0.0001), or SCD1-positive cells (P < 0.0001) indicated by bar–dot plot (n = 6). Values are means ± SD. Unpaired Student’s t test (a, e, f) or one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test (b–d) were used for statistical analysis. n.s, not significant P >= 0.05; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.