Table 1.
The basal demographic data and traditional anthropometric measurements in healthy and MetS subjects stratified by gender
| Male (n = 101) | Female (n = 101) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Controls (n = 48) | MetS (n = 53) | p | Controls (n = 48) | MetS (n = 53) | p value |
| Age (years) ƥ | 46.5 (36.0–53.75) | 50.0 (40.50–52.0) | 0.451 | 44.0 (38.25–52.00) | 44.0 (39.0–51.0) | 0.929 |
| Smoking: n (%) | 18 (37.5) | 19 (35.8) | 0.863 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | 0.339 |
| Alcohol intake: n (%)¶ | 28 (58.3) | 33 (62.3) | 0.687 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | 0.339 |
| Family H/O HTN: n (%)¶ | 19 (39.6) | 20 (37.7) | 0.849 | 22 (45.8) | 30 (56.6) | 0.377 |
| Family H/O T2D: n (%)¶ | 26 (54.2) | 29 (54.7) | 0.956 | 21 (43.8) | 28 (52.8) | 0.362 |
| Family H/O CVD: n (%)¶ | 7 (14.6) | 9 (17.0) | 0.742 | 3 (6.2) | 9 (17.0) | 0.096 |
| Central obesity: n (%)¶ | 23 (47.9) | 30 (56.6) | 0.383 | 15 (31.2) | 30 (56.6) | 0.010 |
| Hyperglycemia: n (%)¶ | 10 (20.8) | 48 (90.6) | 0.001 | 5 (10.4) | 46 (86.8) | 0.001 |
| High Triglycerides: n (%)¶ | 11 (22.9) | 27 (50.9) | 0.004 | 5 (10.4) | 22 (41.5) | 0.001 |
| Low HDL-C: n (%)¶ | 8 (16.7) | 35 (66.0) | 0.001 | 5 (10.4) | 29 (54.7) | 0.001 |
| Raised BP: n (%)¶ | 9 (18.8) | 25 (47.2) | 0.003 | 9 (18.8) | 15 (28.3) | 0.026 |
| Anthropometric measures | ||||||
| Height (cm)§ | 169.15 ± 5.85 | 165.15 ± 6.29 | 0.001 | 158.87 ± 5.66 | 152.75 ± 6.72 | 0.001 |
| Weight (kg)ƥ | 72.0 (64.0–76.0) | 75 (71.0–79.0) | 0.014 | 65.0 (56.25–74.42) | 68.0 (64.0–74.15) | 0.018 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) ƥ | 25.50 (24.32–27.85) | 27.30 (26.05–28.70) | 0.001 | 25.55 (23.80–28.37) | 28.50 (26.05–30.10) | 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm)§ | 94.43 ± 8.07 | 96.45 ± 10.16 | 0.008 | 90.04 ± 9.39 | 97.06 ± 9.56 | 0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) ƥ | 98 (92.25–104.75) | 101.0 (97.0–111.50) | 0.008 | 98.00 (93.25–107.50) | 106.00 (98.50–110.00) | 0.007 |
| Waist-hip ratio§ | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 0.97 ± 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.90 ± 0.04 | 0.92 ± 0.05 | 0.027 |
| Waist-height ratioƥ | 0.54 (0.52–0.58) | 0.60 (0.57–0.65) | 0.001 | 0.57 (0.52–0.59) | 0.65 (0.60–0.69) | 0.001 |
| Body fat parameters | ||||||
| Body fat (%)ƥ | 20.65 (16.85–25.25) | 24.70 (22.0–28.05) | 0.001 | 30.30 (23.90–33.70) | 37.60 (26.0–43.55) | 0.001 |
| Body lean (%)ƥ | 79.35 (74.75–83.15) | 75.30 (71.95–78.0) | 0.001 | 69.70 (65.12–76.10) | 61.20 (56.35–74.00) | 0.001 |
Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for variables with a normal distribution (§), median and interquartile range for variables with a skewed distribution (ƥ) based on normality testing by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and number with percentage for categorical variables (¶). p value indicates the differences between healthy and MetS groups according to gender
H/O history of, HTN hypertension, T2D type 2 diabetes mellitus, CVD cardiovascular disease, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol