Table 2.
Biochemical and cardiovascular parameters in healthy and MetS subjects stratified by gender
| Male (n = 101) | Female (n = 101) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Controls (n = 48) | MetS (n = 53) | p | Controls (n = 48) | MetS (n = 53) | p value |
| Glycemic status | ||||||
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL)ƥ | 82.50 (71.50–96.75) | 127.0 (113.0–138.0) | 0.001 | 81.50 (73.25–87.0) | 134.0 (116.50–165.00) | 0.001 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) ƥ | 9.64 (5.60–13.04) | 15.0 (10.94–18.65) | 0.001 | 10.64 (7.80–13.61) | 15.50 (11.45–21.21) | 0.001 |
| HOMA-IRƥ | 1.97 (1.10–2.73) | 2.42 (1.63–3.36) | 0.019 | 2.10 (1.50–2.80) | 4.13 (2.18–6.91) | 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular parameters | ||||||
| Heart rate (per min) § | 70.46 ± 8.17 | 77.95 ± 10.33 | 0.001 | 74.95 ± 7.95 | 79.66 ± 11.32 | 0.019 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) § | 120.93 ± 11.68 | 132.49 ± 12.59 | 0.001 | 116.64 ± 12.35 | 130.58 ± 13.54 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) § | 77.37 ± 11.13 | 80.67 ± 7.74 | 0.084 | 76.08 ± 10.05 | 78.05 ± 8.30 | 0.283 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) § | 91.94 ± 10.61 | 96.27 ± 8.41 | 0.024 | 89.44 ± 10.16 | 93.56 ± 9.05 | 0.034 |
| Lipid parameters, including lipid-lipoprotein ratios | ||||||
| Total cholesterol mg/dL ƥ | 172.50 (152.0–191.75) | 183.0 (175.0–194.0) | 0.004 | 173.50 (162.31–190.50) | 191.0 (172.0–207.0) | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides mg/dLƥ | 129.50 (100.25–150.0) | 156.0 (142.5–177.0) | 0.001 | 130.0 (116.25–141.75) | 153.0 (134.50–177.50) | 0.001 |
| HDL-C mg/dL § | 43.78 ± 4.82 | 37.22 ± 6.57 | 0.001 | 47.40 ± 5.67 | 39.75 ± 7.30 | 0.001 |
| LDL-C mg/dLƥ | 100.0 (77.55–113.0) | 108.0 (100.5–124.0) | 0.002 | 102.0 (90.50–112.75) | 108.40 (103.0–118.50) | 0.002 |
| VLDL-C mg/dLƥ | 24.0 (17.0–30.75) | 29.0 (25.50–37.0) | 0.001 | 24.0 (16.25–28.82) | 27.0 (24.0–31.0) | 0.002 |
| LDL/HDLƥ | 2.40 (1.80–2.82) | 2.85 (2.45–3.39) | 0.001 | 2.30 (2.0–2.80) | 2.78 (2.36–3.57) | 0.001 |
| TG/HDLƥ | 2.85 (2.22–3.27) | 4.1 (2.90–4.90) | 0.001 | 2.75 (2.40–3.00) | 3.50 (2.70–4.68) | 0.001 |
| TC/HDLƥ | 4.0 (3.42–4.50) | 5.0 (4.1–5.73) | 0.001 | 3.90 (3.60–4.30) | 4.48 (3.82–5.40) | 0.001 |
| Non-HDL/HDLƥ | 2.95 (2.42–3.37) | 4.0 (3.1–476) | 0.001 | 2.70 (2.50–3.00) | 3.50 (2.85–4.40) | 0.001 |
| AIPƥ | 0.45 (0.32–0.50) | 0.60 (0.50–0.70) | 0.001 | 0.40 (0.38–0.50 | 0.50 (0.40–0.70) | 0.001 |
Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for variables with a normal distribution (§), median and interquartile range for variables with a skewed distribution (ƥ) based on normality testing by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. p value indicates the differences between healthy and MetS groups according to gender
HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, BP blood pressure, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, VLDL-C very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, AIP atherogenic index of plasma