. 2021 Apr 28;13(1):75–84. doi: 10.1007/s13340-021-00506-5

Table 2.

Results of key secondary endpoints for the FAS

Variable	Treatment group	Mean at baseline (SD) [n]	Mean at week 13 (SD) [n]	LS mean change from baseline at week 13^a	Estimated difference^a,b (95% CI)	p value^a,b
FBG, mg/dL	Supervised exercise	147.5 (27.8) [109]	143.0 (25.7) [97]	− 6.1	− 13.0 (− 19.2, − 6.7)	< 0.001
	Standard therapy	151.4 (30.5) [114]	155.3 (28.7) [107]	6.9	− 13.0 (− 19.2, − 6.7)	< 0.001
Glycoalbumin, %	Supervised exercise	19.32 (2.94) [110]	18.57 (3.15) [97]	− 0.75	− 1.52 (− 2.10, − 0.93)	< 0.001
	Standard therapy	19.75 (2.99) [114]	20.18 (3.19) [108]	0.77	− 1.52 (− 2.10, − 0.93)	< 0.001
Fasting insulin, µIU/mL	Supervised exercise	9.22 (5.84) [109]	8.77 (5.98) [97]	− 0.48	− 0.47 (− 1.46, 0.52)	0.348
	Standard therapy	7.36 (4.55) [114]	7.51 (5.48) [107]	− 0.01	− 0.47 (− 1.46, 0.52)	0.348
HOMA-IR	Supervised exercise	3.41 (2.33) [109]	3.11 (2.19) [97]	− 0.28	− 0.31 (− 0.73, 0.10)	0.138
	Standard therapy	2.74 (1.71) [114]	2.84 (1.98) [107]	0.04	− 0.31 (− 0.73, 0.10)	0.138
HOMA-β	Supervised exercise	42.04 (27.02) [109]	42.52 (30.84) [97]	0.73	2.39 (− 2.90, 7.68)	0.373
	Standard therapy	33.41 (24.88) [114]	32.55 (30.75) [107]	− 1.66	2.39 (− 2.90, 7.68)	0.373
Triglycerides, mg/dL	Supervised exercise	165.8 (134.9) [110]	154.8 (117.4) [97]	− 12.4	− 6.9 (− 28.2, 14.4)	0.523
	Standard therapy	154.6 (118.5) [114]	148.5 (107.0) [108]	− 5.5	− 6.9 (− 28.2, 14.4)	0.523
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	Supervised exercise	124.9 (31.1) [110]	127.8 (32.5) [97]	2.0	0.9 (− 4.1, 5.9)	0.715
	Standard therapy	128.1 (34.8) [114]	127.4 (30.8) [108]	1.0	0.9 (− 4.1, 5.9)	0.715
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	Supervised exercise	55.6 (16.0) [110]	57.5 (15.8) [97]	1.7	2.6 (0.8, 4.4)	0.004
	Standard therapy	58.5 (13.8) [114]	57.6 (12.9) [108]	–0.9	2.6 (0.8, 4.4)	0.004
Systolic BP, mmHg	Supervised exercise	126.2 (11.8) [110]	124.9 (13.9) [97]	− 0.8	1.2 (− 1.7, 4.1)	0.407
	Standard therapy	126.0 (14.2) [114]	123.6 (11.6) [108]	− 2.0	1.2 (− 1.7, 4.1)	0.407
Diastolic BP, mmHg	Supervised exercise	78.1 (10.5) [110]	76.1 (10.6) [97]	− 2.0	− 0.5 (− 2.5, 1.4)	0.587
	Standard therapy	78.1 (10.4) [114]	76.3 (10.9) [108]	− 1.5	− 0.5 (− 2.5, 1.4)	0.587
Body weight, kg	Supervised exercise	73.15 (12.64) [110]	73.44 (12.84) [97]	− 0.42	− 0.31 (− 0.77, 0.15)	0.188
	Standard therapy	71.88 (12.37) [114]	71.58 (12.46) [108]	− 0.11	− 0.31 (− 0.77, 0.15)	0.188
Waist circumference, cm	Supervised exercise	92.25 (9.47) [110]	91.69 (9.01) [97]	− 1.01	− 0.91 (− 1.87, 0.06)	0.066
	Standard therapy	92.35 (9.70) [114]	92.01 (9.90) [108]	− 0.10	− 0.91 (− 1.87, 0.06)	0.066

BP blood pressure, CI confidence interval, FAS full analysis set, FBG fasting blood glucose, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, HOMA-β homeostatic model assessment for beta-cell function, LDL low-density lipoprotein, LS least squares, MMRM mixed-model repeated measures, SD standard deviation

^aMMRM with an unstructured covariance matrix within patients was used. The differences between groups were estimated using MMRM with 2-sided 95% CIs. Significance level: 0.05 (2-sided)

^bEstimated difference between supervised exercise and standard therapy groups