Table 1.
Clinicodemographic subjects characteristics in the overall cohort and by treatment group
| All subjects | FW | EHW | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 68.0 (63.0, 75.0) | 68.0 (57.5, 75.0) | 66.0 (64.5, 72.5) | 0.802 |
| Sex [M/F (Male %)] | 25/20 (55.6) | 12/10 (54.5) | 13/10 (56.5) | 1.000 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 + 4.4 | 27.7 + 5.0 | 25.9 + 3.8 | 0.193 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 45.8 + 4.9 | 44.9 + 4.9 | 46.6 + 4.9 | 0.264 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.41 + 0.50 | 6.33 + 0.52 | 6.50 + 0.48 | 0.264 |
| Duration of diabetes (y) | 10 (7, 20) | 10 (5, 18) | 12 (10, 21) | 0.093 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133.6 + 16.7 | 134.5 + 15.1 | 132.8 + 18.3 | 0.733 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.6 + 11.9 | 76.2 + 12.3 | 76.9 + 11.7 | 0.859 |
| HR (BPM) | 78.8 + 13.5 | 76.9 + 15.2 | 80.5 + 11.8 | 0.380 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.49 (0.99, 2.48) | 1.61 (1.33, 2.53) | 1.06 (0.89, 2.07) | 0.171 |
| HOMA-β | 44.3 (27.8, 65.2) | 46.2 (27.9, 68.5) | 42.7 (27.8, 59.0) | 0.708 |
| OGTT-G-0 (mmol/L) | 5.8 (5.4, 6.8) | 5.9 (5.4, 6.9) | 5.8 (5.3, 6.6) | 0.708 |
| OGTT-G-120 (mmol/L) | 13.3 + 4.4 | 13.4 + 3.9 | 13.2 + 4.9 | 0.919 |
| OGTT-G-AUC | 24.1 + 4.8 | 24.1 + 4.6 | 24.2 + 5.0 | 0.943 |
| OGTT-I-0 (pmol/L) | 40.3 (25.0, 58.3) | 44.4 (35.6, 64.9) | 29.9 (24.0, 55.9) | 0.146 |
| OGTT-I-120 (pmol/L) | 209.7 (113.2, 340.3) | 192.4 (121.2, 373.1) | 216.0 (109.7, 295.5) | 0.768 |
| OGTT-I-AUC | 296.6 (191.7, 454.2) | 333.1 (191.6, 457.7) | 289.3 (213.1, 427.4) | 0.744 |
| OGTT-[GxI]-AUC | 6932 (4746, 9852) | 7256 (4792, 9483) | 6932 (4518, 9916) | 0.831 |
| Glycoalbumin (%) | 15.9 + 2.0 | 15.7 + 1.5 | 16.1 + 2.3 | 0.421 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.03 + 0.79 | 4.75 + 0.66 | 5.30 + 0.83 | 0.018 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.29 (1.14, 1.60) | 1.25 (1.09, 1.64) | 1.34 (1.16, 1.59) | 0.625 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.18 + 0.46 | 1.15 + 0.51 | 1.21 + 0.42 | 0.684 |
| S-uric acid (µmol/L) | 339 (274, 404) | 366 (293, 422) | 303 (268, 348) | 0.084 |
| U-uric acid (mmol/mol Cre) | 339 + 120 | 374 + 114 | 305 + 117 | 0.049 |
| S-lactate (mmol/L) | 1.21 + 0.44 | 1.25 + 0.39 | 1.17 + 0.48 | 0.539 |
| S-pyruvate (µmol/L) | 70.4 (57.9, 88.6) | 74.4 (66.4, 88.6) | 60.2 (55.6, 87.4) | 0.280 |
| S-MG (nmol/L) | 143 (112, 199) | 133 (114, 161) | 144 (111, 210) | 0.638 |
| U-MG (µmol/mol Cre) | 107 (89, 139) | 107 (91, 138) | 108 (88, 142) | 0.981 |
| U-pH | 6.0 (5.5, 7.0) | 6.0 (5.5, 6.9) | 6.0 (5.5, 6.8) | 0.935 |
| U-8-OHdG (μmol/mol Cre) | 3.0 (2.3, 3.5) | 3.1 (2.3, 3.7) | 3.0 (2.4, 3.3) | 0.790 |
| d-ROMs (U CARR) | 291.4 + 39.8 | 296.1 + 37.6 | 287.0 + 42.2 | 0.453 |
| BAP (μmol/L) | 2077 + 171 | 2124 + 141 | 2034 + 187 | 0.078 |
| S-creatinine (µmol/L) | 62.8 (55.7, 78.7) | 62.3 (56.4, 75.8) | 71.6 (56.6, 88.0) | 0.352 |
| eGFR (mL min-1 [1.73 m]−2) | 67.5 + 19.9 | 70.5 + 19.2 | 65.1 + 20.6 | 0.441 |
| ACR (g/mol Cre) | 0.82 (0.48, 1.95) | 0.88 (0.54, 2.82) | 0.66 (0.40, 1.43) | 0.481 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.39 (4.39, 6.96) | 5.60 (4.42, 6.78) | 5.28 (4.41, 7.07) | 0.973 |
| UUN (mol/mol Cre) | 31.9 (29.5, 37.9) | 33.7 (30.1, 40.0) | 31.1 (26.8, 36.3) | 0.284 |
| BNP (ng/L) | 20.4 (11.1, 49.3) | 30.4 (10.6, 51.8) | 19.6 (11.9, 37.2) | 0.549 |
| S-Na+ (mmol/L) | 141 + 2 | 141 + 2 | 141 + 1 | 0.170 |
| S-K+ (mmol/L) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.8) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.8) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.7) | 0.945 |
| S-Cl− (mmol/L) | 104.3 + 2.5 | 105.0 + 2.4 | 103.7 + 2.5 | 0.083 |
| U-Na+ (mol/mol Cre) | 19.1 (11.9, 32.1) | 18.4 (9.3, 38.2) | 19.1 (13.0, 28.5) | 0.991 |
| U-K+ (mol/mol Cre) | 4.04 (3.37, 5.87) | 4.68 (3.51, 6.33) | 3.86 (3.14, 5.60) | 0.194 |
| U-Cl− (mol/mol Cre) | 18.0 (11.8, 31.7) | 17.5 (12.0, 39.2) | 19.6 (12.5, 28.2) | 1.000 |
| Red blood cells (1012/L) | 4.47 + 0.47 | 4.51 + 0.56 | 4.43 + 0.38 | 0.592 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 42.1 + 4.0 | 42.4 + 4.5 | 41.7 + 3.6 | 0.569 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 138 + 15 | 139 + 17 | 136 + 13 | 0.550 |
| White blood cell (109/L) | 5.60 + 1.36 | 5.28 + 1.23 | 5.91 + 1.43 | 0.119 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 242 (205, 275) | 225 (195, 265) | 267 (213, 327) | 0.061 |
| ALT (µkat/L) | 0.33 (0.23, 0.42) | 0.39 (0.30, 0.59) | 0.30 (0.23, 0.33) | 0.011 |
The values are expressed as the mean + SD or median (interquartile range)
FW filtered water, EHW electrolyzed hydrogen-rich water, HR heart rate, BPM beats per minute, HOMA-IR HOMA-Insulin resistance, HOMA-β HOMA beta-cell, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, G glucose, 0 at 0 min, 120 at 120 min, I insulin, S serum, U urinary, MG methylglyoxal, 8-OHdG 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, d-ROMs diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites, U CARR Carratelli units, BAP biological antioxidant potential, ACR albumin creatinine ratio, BUN blood urea nitrogen, UUN urine urea nitrogen, ALT alanine transaminase