Table 2.
Comparison of changes in parameters during the water ingestion trial over 3 months
| Δ change | % change | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FW | EHW | FW | EHW | |||||||
| Δ change | p1 | Δ change | p2 | p3 | % change | p1 | % change | p2 | p3 | |
| HOMA-IR | 0.04 (− 0.51, 0.75) | 0.850 | − 0.27 (− 0.50, 0.15) | 0.105 | 0.282 | 3 (− 33, 33) | 0.784 | − 21 (− 28, 19) | 0.422 | 0.638 |
| HOMA-β | 7.5 (− 14.6, 20.8) | 0.571 | − 2.9 (− 12.8, 12.9) | 0.896 | 0.587 | − 0 (− 32, 62) | 0.386 | − 11 (− 27, 30) | 0.800 | 0.569 |
| OGTT-G-0 (mmol/L) | − 0.02 + 0.94 | 0.927 | − 0.21 + 0.83 | 0.246 | 0.498 | 1.0 + 15.7 | 0.787 | − 1.6 + 12.1 | 0.539 | 0.561 |
| OGTT-G-120 (mmol/L) | − 0.31 (− 1.99, 0.97) | 0.417 | − 0.44 (− 1.00, 1.50) | 0.820 | 0.706 | − 2.5 (− 11.2, 8.4) | 0.622 | − 2.9 (− 7.6, 14.1) | 0.996 | 0.709 |
| OGTT-G-AUC (mmol L−1 h) | − 0.80 + 4.68 | 0.451 | − 0.35 + 3.51 | 0.637 | 0.724 | − 1.1 + 19.3 | 0.801 | 0.0 + 14.1 | 0.988 | 0.827 |
| OGTT-I-0 (pmol/L) | − 0.83 + 26.88 | 0.896 | − 4.23 + 15.18 | 0.195 | 0.374 | 7 (− 31, 35) | 0.596 | − 14 (− 23, 8) | 0.452 | 0.462 |
| OGTT-I-120 (pmol/L) | 13 (− 52, 83) | 0.249 | − 2 (− 33, 50) | 0.601 | 0.971 | 19.6 + 63.5 | 0.183 | 15.3 + 54.5 | 0.192 | 0.812 |
| OGTT-I-AUC | 20 (− 24, 186) | 0.035 | 5 (− 25, 71) | 0.315 | 0.587 | 9.4 (− 9.8, 47.3) | 0.028 | 1.7 (− 9.4, 24.5) | 0.200 | 0.523 |
| OGTT-[GxI]-AUC | 513 (− 1162, 2594) | 0.108 | − 252 (− 872, 1785) | 0.360 | 0.800 | 19.3 + 47.5 | 0.086 | 13.8 + 39.9 | 0.112 | 0.800 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.0 (− 0.4, 0.0) | 0.283 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.683 | 0.258 | 0.0 (− 1.5, 0.0) | 0.363 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.6) | 0.689 | 0.338 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 0.0 (− 2.0, 1.0) | 0.452 | 0.0 (− 1.0, 1.0) | 0.274 | 0.883 | − 1.02 + 5.94 | 0.428 | − 0.72 + 4.52 | 0.300 | 0.769 |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.0 (− 0.2, 0.1) | 0.452 | 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1) | 0.274 | 0.883 | − 0.70 + 3.84 | 0.428 | − 0.68 + 3.08 | 0.300 | 0.769 |
| Glycoalbumin (%) | − 0.12 + 1.04 | 0.625 | 0.01 + 0.66 | 0.926 | 0.638 | − 0.81 + 6.66 | 0.594 | 0.24 + 3.98 | 0.775 | 0.670 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | − 0.12 (− 0.31, 0.11) | 0.287 | 0.03 (− 0.39, 0.30) | 0.615 | 0.567 | − 1.6 + 13.8 | 0.605 | − 0.3 + 9.9 | 0.893 | 0.720 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | − 0.03 + 0.22 | 0.563 | 0.02 + 0.18 | 0.549 | 0.408 | − 2.4 + 17.5 | 0.550 | 2.4 + 11.7 | 0.336 | 0.308 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.07 (− 0.10, 0.25) | 0.775 | 0.01 (− 0.22, 0.18) | 0.574 | 0.737 | 10.5 (− 9.8, 35.7) | 0.159 | 0.9 (− 17.7, 18.4) | 0.988 | 0.462 |
| S-uric acid (µmol/L) | − 3.0 (− 26.8, 14.9) | 0.601 | 17.8 (− 20.8, 41.6) | 0.498 | 0.294 | − 1.1 (− 9.5, 5.7) | 0.632 | 5.2 (− 8.1, 13.9) | 0.300 | 0.342 |
| U-uric acid (mmol/mol Cre) | − 11.8 (− 63.5, 48.5) | 0.870 | 24.1 (8.1, 78.3) | 0.012 | 0.096 | − 3.0 (− 18.3, 15.8) | 0.956 | 12.8 (3.2, 32.3) | 0.004 | 0.049 |
| S-lactate (mmol/L) | − 0.02 (− 0.28, 0.17) | 0.644 | − 0.14 (− 0.51, 0.11) | 0.038 | 0.273 | − 3.4 + 29.3 | 0.606 | − 7.2 + 36.7 | 0.360 | 0.714 |
| S-pyruvate (µmol/L) | − 1.1 (− 11.9, 27.3) | 0.847 | − 5.7 (− 13.1, 4.5) | 0.211 | 0.348 | − 2 (− 14, 40) | 0.546 | − 10 (− 16, 9) | 0.475 | 0.401 |
| S-MG (nmol/L) | − 15.5 (− 47.3, 3.0) | 0.117 | 2.0 (− 24.5, 28.5) | 0.867 | 0.210 | − 12.9 (− 27.0, 4.2) | 0.261 | 1.8 (− 13.7, 23.7) | 0.544 | 0.195 |
| U-MG (μmol/mol Cre) | − 7.4 (− 19.3, 18.6) | 0.701 | -0.7 (− 20.5, 35.5) | 0.800 | 0.763 | 3.1 + 39.6 | 0.730 | 10.8 + 40.5 | 0.212 | 0.531 |
| U-pH | 0.00 (− 0.13, 0.50) | 0.383 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.50) | 0.044 | 0.434 | 0.0 (− 1.9, 6.8) | 0.505 | 0.0 (0.0, 9.1) | 0.023 | 0.299 |
| U-8-OHdG (μmol/mol Cre) | − 0.35 + 0.83 | 0.240 | − 0.87 + 1.11 | 0.061 | 0.295 | − 9.4 + 33.1 | 0.419 | − 25.8 + 32.5 | 0.059 | 0.318 |
| d-ROMs (U CARR) | 4.7 + 41.4 | 0.618 | − 3.4 + 18.1 | 0.379 | 0.184 | 2.5 + 12.6 | 0.382 | − 0.6 + 6.0 | 0.620 | 0.316 |
| BAP (μmol/L) | 47.6 + 148.9 | 0.169 | 56.7 + 193.8 | 0.174 | 0.862 | 2.4 + 7.0 | 0.152 | 3.3 + 9.8 | 0.115 | 0.699 |
| S-creatinine (mmol/L) | − 1.8 (− 4.4, 3.5) | 0.627 | − 0.9 (− 4.4, 3.1) | 0.563 | 1.000 | − 2.8 (− 6.3, 5.7) | 0.596 | − 1.4 (− 4.7, 3.6) | 0.687 | 0.782 |
| eGFR (mL min−1 [1.73 m]−2) | 2.3 (− 3.0, 4.5) | 0.626 | 1.7 (− 1.4, 4.0) | 0.234 | 0.413 | 3.1 (− 5.3, 6.9) | 0.583 | 2.8 (− 2.6, 5.7) | 0.211 | 0.886 |
| ACR (g/mol Cre) | − 0.07 (− 0.29, 0.42) | 1.000 | 0.07 (− 0.06, 0.42) | 0.094 | 0.358 | − 10 (− 35, 33) | 0.956 | 14 (− 14, 31) | 0.186 | 0.375 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | − 0.05 (− 1.17, 1.04) | 0.803 | 0.00 (− 0.91, 0.21) | 0.426 | 0.527 | − 0.8 (− 18.3, 24.1) | 0.784 | 0.0 (− 17.5, 4.0) | 0.363 | 0.352 |
| UUN (mol/mol Cre) | 0.51 + 8.99 | 0.804 | 0.12 + 6.47 | 0.930 | 0.874 | 4.4 + 27.0 | 0.472 | 2.7 + 19.9 | 0.526 | 0.813 |
| BNP (ng/L) | 1.9 (− 6.4, 10.9) | 0.330 | − 0.7 (− 5.2, 7.0) | 0.595 | 0.688 | 28 (− 7, 60) | 0.048 | − 1 (− 22, 44) | 0.410 | 0.462 |
| S-Na+ (mmol/L) | 0.5 (− 1.0, 2.0) | 0.537 | 0.0 (− 1.5, 1.0) | 0.707 | 0.491 | 0.4 (− 0.7, 1.4) | 0.384 | 0.0 (− 1.1, 0.7) | 0.931 | 0.487 |
| S-K+ (mmol/L) | 0.00 (− 0.13, 0.40) | 0.459 | 0.10 (− 0.10, 0.30) | 0.130 | 0.779 | 0.0 (− 2.9, 9.5) | 0.384 | 2.3 (− 2.2, 7.2) | 0.077 | 0.592 |
| S-Cl− (mmol/L) | 0.0 (− 2.0, 2.0) | 1.000 | 1.0 (− 2.0, 2.5) | 0.559 | 0.924 | 0.0 (− 1.9, 1.9) | 0.977 | 1.0 (− 1.9, 2.4) | 0.521 | 0.917 |
| U-Na+ (mol/mol Cre) | 2.43 + 17.67 | 0.547 | 1.50 + 8.34 | 0.399 | 0.831 | 23.3 (− 38.1, 86.4) | 0.177 | 6.4 (− 8.4, 34.3) | 0.200 | 0.800 |
| U-K+ (mol/mol Cre) | − 0.60 (− 1.06, 0.65) | 0.498 | 0.11 (− 0.56, 1.23) | 0.393 | 0.212 | − 13.1 (− 25.3, 18.4) | 0.596 | 2.8 (− 11.6, 33.2) | 0.345 | 0.178 |
| U-Cl− (mol/mol Cre) | 1.17 + 17.39 | 0.767 | 0.93 + 7.64 | 0.567 | 0.954 | 8.8 (− 40.6, 60.3) | 0.475 | 0.1 (− 9.0, 36.1) | 0.286 | 0.838 |
| Red blood cells (1012/L) | − 0.03 + 0.21 | 0.513 | − 0.02 + 0.23 | 0.648 | 0.891 | − 0.79 + 4.74 | 0.464 | − 0.64 + 5.43 | 0.579 | 0.921 |
| Hematocrit (%) | − 0.27 + 1.79 | 0.515 | -0.10 + 2.27 | 0.828 | 0.797 | − 0.73 + 4.36 | 0.461 | − 0.29 + 5.70 | 0.812 | 0.772 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | − 1.7 + 6.5 | 0.257 | − 1.9 + 8.6 | 0.296 | 0.927 | − 1.4 + 4.8 | 0.216 | − 1.5 + 6.4 | 0.267 | 0.925 |
| White blood cell (109/L) | 0.61 + 1.17 | 0.031 | − 0.12 + 0.90 | 0.522 | 0.029 | 3.8 (− 2.7, 21.6) | 0.051 | 0.0 (− 12.0, 10.1) | 0.929 | 0.046 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 20.9 + 27.0 | 0.003 | 0.5 + 34.7 | 0.943 | 0.037 | 10.0 (2.6, 17.1) | 0.003 | 0.5 (− 6.4, 4.3) | 0.988 | 0.027 |
| ALT (µkat/L) | − 0.1 (− 0.1, 0.00) | 0.068 | 0.0 (− 0.0, 0.1) | 0.378 | 0.032 | − 10.7 (− 20.0, 0.0) | 0.076 | 7.1 (− 9.7, 31.7) | 0.162 | 0.051 |
The values are expressed as the mean + SD or median (interquartile range)
p1 0 vs 3 M in the FW group, p2 0 vs 3 M in the EHW group, p3 FW group vs. EHW group
FW filtered water, EHW electrolyzed hydrogen-rich water, HOMA-IR HOMA-insulin resistance, HOMA-β HOMA beta-cell, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, G glucose, 0 at 0 min, 120 at 120 min, I insulin, S serum, U urinary, MG methylglyoxal, 8-OHdG 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, d-ROMs diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites, U CARR Carratelli units, BAP biological antioxidant potential, ACR albumin creatinine ratio, BUN blood urea nitrogen, UUN urine urea nitrogen, ALT alanine transaminase