Table 2.

Indication for operative management

Beaty 1992 [40]	100% translation or >70° angulation, under 5 years >50% translation or angulation <70° in younger and >40° in older children, age 5–10 years Translation >50% or angulation >40°, patients >11 years
Binder et al. 2016 [1]	>60° angulation in children up to 12 years >30° angulation in children older than 12 years
Cruz et al. 2018 [15•]	Neer-Horowitz grade II and IV >60° angulation in patients under 10 years >30° angulation in patients 10 and older
Dobbs et al. 2003 [41]	>75° angulation in children 7 and under >60° angulation in children 8 to 11 years >45° angulation in children 12 and older
Lefèvre et al. 2014 [12]	>100% translation and/or angulation >70°, patients <10 years >50% translation and/or angulation >40°, patients aged 10–13 years >30% translation and/or angulation >20°, patients >13 years
Pahlavan et al. 2011 [42]	Nonoperative, <10 years Case-by-case basis, age 10–13 Displaced fracture, age >13 years
Popkin et al. 2015 [10]	Neer-Horowitz grade III and IV fractures in children older than 11 years