Table 1.
Association between baseline characteristics and ACE1 polymorphism in COVID-19 positive cases vs. COVID-19 negative controls.
|
Controls N = 155 |
Cases N = 232 |
P -Valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Mean ± SD | 37.14 ± 11.48 | 43.75 ± 15.85 | <0.001 | |
| BMIb (kg/m2) | Mean ± SD | 25.79 ± 4.14 | 27.82 ± 5.51 | <0.001 | |
| Sex | Female | N (%) | 86 (55.5) | 106 (45.7) | 0.037 |
| Male | N (%) | 69 (44.5) | 126 (54.3) | ||
| Blood group A+ | Yes | N (%) | 75 (48.4) | 118 (50.9) | 0.354 |
| No | N (%) | 80 (51.6) | 114 (49.1) | ||
| Smoking | Ever | N (%) | 63 (40.6) | 98 (42.2) | 0.418 |
| Never | N (%) | 92 (59.4) | 134 (57.8) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | Yes | N (%) | 19 (12.3) | 40 (17.2) | 0.116 |
| No | N (%) | 136 (87.7) | 192 (82.8) | ||
| Hypertension | Yes | N (%) | 11 (7.1) | 46 (19.8) | <0.001 |
| No | N (%) | 144 (92.9) | 186 (80.2) | ||
| Diabetes | Yes | N (%) | 4 (2.6) | 29 (12.5) | <0.001 |
| No | N (%) | 151 (97.4) | 203 (87.5) | ||
| Heart diseasec | Yes | N (%) | 2 (1.3) | 15 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| No | N (%) | 153 (98.7) | 217 (93.5) | ||
| Kidney diseased | Yes | N (%) | 1 (0.6) | 8 (3.4) | 0.068 |
| No | N (%) | 154 (99.4) | 224 (96.6) | ||
| Lung diseasee | Yes | N (%) | 5 (3.2) | 13 (5.6) | 0.202 |
| No | N (%) | 150 (96.8) | 219 (94.4) | ||
| Cerebrovascular diseasef | Yes | N (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.9) | 0.359 |
| No | N (%) | 155 (100) | 230 (99.1) | ||
| Coagulation disordersg | Yes | N (%) | 1 (0.6) | 4 (1.7) | 0.335 |
| No | N (%) | 154 (99.4) | 228 (98.3) | ||
| Cancer | Yes | N (%) | 3 (1.9) | 21 (9.1) | 0.003 |
| No | N (%) | 152 (98.1) | 211 (90.9) | ||
| ACEIh/ARBi intake | Yes | N (%) | 9 (5.8) | 27 (11.6) | 0.037 |
| No | N (%) | 146 (94.2) | 205 (88.4) | ||
| ACE genotype | II | N (%) | 12 (7.8) | 33 (14.2) | 0.141 |
| DI | N (%) | 72 (46.4) | 104 (44.8) | ||
| DD | N (%) | 71 (45.8) | 95 (41.0) | ||
| II | N (%) | 12 (7.8) | 33 (14.2) | 0.035 | |
| DI + DD | N (%) | 143 (92.3) | 199 (85.8) | ||
| DI + II | N (%) | 84 (54.2) | 137 (59.1) | 0.200 | |
| DD | N (%) | 71 (45.8) | 95 (41.0) | ||
| ACE allele | I | N (%) | 96 (31.0) | 170 (36.6) | 0.060 |
| D | N (%) | 71 (69.0) | 95 (63.4) |
a
P-values defined using independent t-test for continuous variables and Fisher exact for categorical variables.
b
Body mass index.
c
Coronary artery disease; heart failure.
d
Chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease.
e
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, asthma.
f
Stroke, carotid stenosis.
g
Hemophilia, von Willebrand disease.
h
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.
i
Angiotensin receptor blocker.
The statistically significant P values are in bold.