Table 4.
Association between baseline characteristics and ACE1 polymorphism with hypoxic vs. non-hypoxic hospitalized COVID-19 cases.
|
Not hypoxic N = 26 |
Hypoxic N = 62 |
P -Valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Mean ± SD | 52.08 ± 14.38 | 57.13 ± 15.24 | 0.146 | |
| BMIb (kg/m2) | Mean ± SD | 27.27 ± 4.35 | 31.12 ± 6.15 | 0.001 | |
| Sex | Female | N (%) | 9 (34.6) | 18 (29.0) | 0.391 |
| Male | N (%) | 17 (65.4) | 44 (71.0) | ||
| Blood group A+ | Yes | N (%) | 11 (42.3) | 32 (51.6) | 0.287 |
| No | N (%) | 15 (57.7) | 30 (48.4) | ||
| Smoking | Ever | N (%) | 11 (42.3) | 25 (40.3) | 0.523 |
| Never | N (%) | 15 (57.7) | 37 (59.7) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | Yes | N (%) | 4 (15.4) | 21 (33.9) | 0.064 |
| No | N (%) | 22 (84.6) | 41 (66.1) | ||
| Hypertension | Yes | N (%) | 7 (26.9) | 29 (46.8) | 0.067 |
| No | N (%) | 19 (73.1) | 33 (53.2) | ||
| Diabetes | Yes | N (%) | 6 (23.1) | 19 (30.6) | 0.328 |
| No | N (%) | 20 (76.9) | 43 (69.4) | ||
| Heart diseasec | Yes | N (%) | 5 (15.4) | 10 (16.1) | 0.603 |
| No | N (%) | 22 (84.6) | 52 (83.9) | ||
| Kidney diseased | Yes | N (%) | 3 (11.5) | 4 (6.5) | 0.339 |
| No | N (%) | 23 (88.5) | 58 (93.5) | ||
| Lung diseasee | Yes | N (%) | 3 (11.5) | 3 (4.8) | 0.242 |
| No | N (%) | 23 (88.5) | 59 (95.2) | ||
| Cerebrovascular diseasef | Yes | N (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.2) | 0.494 |
| No | N (%) | 26 (100.0) | 60 (96.8) | ||
| Coagulation disordersg | Yes | N (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (6.5) | 0.239 |
| No | N (%) | 26 (100.0) | 58 (93.5) | ||
| Cancer | Yes | N (%) | 9 (34.6) | 11 (17.7) | 0.077 |
| No | N (%) | 17 (65.4) | 51 (82.3) | ||
| ACEIh/ARBi | Yes | N (%) | 3 (11.5) | 15 (24.2) | 0.145 |
| No | N (%) | 23 (88.5) | 47 (75.8) | ||
| ACE genotype | II | N (%) | 6 (23.1) | 5 (8.1) | 0.171 |
| DI | N (%) | 10 (38.5) | 27 (43.5) | ||
| DD | N (%) | 10 (38.5) | 30 (48.4) | ||
| II | N (%) | 6 (23.1) | 5 (8.1) | 0.060 | |
| DI + DD | N (%) | 20 (76.9) | 57 (91.9) | ||
| DI + II | N (%) | 16 (61.5) | 32 (51.6) | 0.269 | |
| DD | N (%) | 10 (38.5) | 30 (48.4) | ||
| ACE allele | I | N (%) | 22 (42.3) | 37 (29.8) | 0.078 |
| D | N (%) | 30 (57.7) | 87 (70.2) |
a
P-values defined using independent t-test for continuous variables and Fisher exact for categorical variables.
b
Body mass index.
c
Coronary artery disease; heart failure.
d
Chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease.
e
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, asthma.
f
Stroke, carotid stenosis.
g
Hemophilia, von Willebrand disease.
h
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.
i
Angiotensin receptor blocker.
The statistically significant P values are in bold.