Table 3.

Markers of intestinal permeability at baseline and after a 5-week Mediterranean diet intervention^a.

Urinary sugar excretion (μmol)	Controls (n = 8)	Parkinson's disease (n = 8)		P-value (PD vs. Control)	P-value (Baseline vs. Intervention)
		Baseline	Intervention
0–5-h sucrose	9.7 ± 2.9	11.5 ± 4.7	28.2 ± 18.2	0.73	0.38b
0–5-h lactulose	16.8 ± 2.6	12.2 ± 1.6	21.4 ± 4.7	0.26	0.02 * b
0–5-h erythritol	3018 ± 315	2691 ± 296	3426 ± 289	0.52	0.04 * b
0–5-h L/E ratio	0.006 ± 0.001	0.005 ± 0.001	0.006 ± 0.001	0.64	0.49
5–24 h sucralose	51.6 ± 4.5	33.3 ± 5.9	47.0 ± 9.5	0.03*	0.02 * b
5–24 h erythritol	5915 ± 2484	2698.22 ± 197	3362 ± 636	0.15b	0.23
5–24 h S/E ratio	0.016 ± 0.003	0.012 ± 0.002	0.015 ± 0.002	0.14	0.25b
0–24 h sucralose	82.4 ± 7.3	65.5 ± 11.1	81.7 ± 15.6	0.31	0.15b
0–24 h erythritol	8933 ± 2638	5389 ± 442	6788 ± 893	0.15b	0.08
0–24 h S/E ratio	0.013 ± 0.002	0.012 ± 0.001	0.011 ± 0.001	0.61	0.59

^aPD, Parkinson's disease; L/E, lactulose/erythritol; S/E, sucralose/erythritol. Values represent mean ± standard error of the mean. Participants with PD at baseline were matched with controls and compared using paired t-test. Baseline vs. Intervention for the PD group was also compared using a paired t-test, unless otherwise indicated.

^*P < 0.05.

^bCompared using the non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test.

Bolded values indicate significance.