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. 2021 Dec 23;9:740827. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740827

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

The roles of MDSCs in TME. MDSCs are potent suppressors of antitumor immunity. MDSCs decrease TCR expression and impair cytotoxic T cell function via producing Arg-1, NO, ROS, IL-10, and TGF-β. Moreover, MDSCs promote Tregs recruitment by secreting certain chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5), and increase Tregs function via producing IL-10 and TGF-β. Additionally, MDSCs increase PD-L1 expression of tumor cells to mediate immune evasion. MDSCs also play non-immunological functions. MDSCs mediate EMT and stemness of tumor cells by producing VEGF, PEG2, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β. And MDSCs could induce angiogenesis via secreting VEGFA, FGF2, Bv8, TGF-β, IL-1β, and MMP9 to promote tumor metastasis. Strategies targeting MDSCs for cancer treatment are summarized around the main figure.