TABLE 1.

The role of exosomal non-coding RNAs in osteoporosis.

Origin of exosomes	Exosomes cargo	Pathway	ncRNA expression	Mechanism	References
Osteoclasts	miR-214	EphrinA2/EphA2	high	inhibited the function of osteoblasts	Sun et al. (2016)
Osteoclasts	miR-214-3p	N/A	high	inhibited osteoblast bone formation	Li et al. (2016)
Osteoblasts	miR-30d-5p	RUNX2	high	inhibit osteoblast differentiation	Li et al. (2008); Zhang et al. (2011)
	miR-133b-3p
Osteoblasts	miR-140-3p	BMP2	high	inhibited the formation of osteoblasts	Hwang et al. (2014)
osteoblast precursors/mineralized osteoblasts	Let-7	HMGA2	high	promoted osteogenesis	Egea et al. (2012); Wei et al. (2014)
	AXIN2
Osteoblast	miR-503-3p	RANK	N/A	preventd osteoclast differentiation	Chen et al. (2014)
mineralized osteoblasts	miR-667-3p	AXIN1	high	promoted the osteogenic differentiation of osteoblast precursors	Cui et al. (2016)
	miR-6769b-5p	β-catenin
	miR-7044-5
	pmiR-7668-3p miR-874-3p
HBMSCs	miR-199b	N/A	High/low	increased/decreased significantly during the early stage of osteogenic differentiation of HBMSCs	Xu et al. (2014)
	miR-218
	miR-148a
	miR-135b/miR-221
Osteocytes	miR-218	Wnt signaling	low	inhibited osteoblast differentiation	Qin et al. (2017)
BMSCs	miR-31a-5p	N/A	High	promoting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption	Xu et al. (2018)
BMSCs	miR-151-5p	N/A	N/A	promoting osteogenic differentiation and saving bone reduction	Chen et al. (2017)
MSCs	miR-21	SMAD7	High	Inhibition of osteogenic gene expression	Jiang et al. (2018)
HUCMSCs	miR-1263	Mob1	High	inhibiting BMSCs apoptosis and preventing disuse osteoporosis in rats	Yang et al. (2020a)
breast cancer cells	miR-20a-5p	SRCIN1	N/A	Promoting the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts	Guo et al. (2019)
vascular endothelial cells	miR-155	N/A	High	inhibited osteoclast induction	Song et al. (2019)
HBMSCs exosome mimetics	miR-29a	Noggin	High	promoted osteogenesis	Fan et al. (2020)
BMSCs	miR-186	Hippo signaling pathway	High	promote osteogenesis	Li et al. (2021)
BMSCs	LncRNA MALAT1	MIR-34c/SATB2 axis	N/A	promoted osteoblast activity/enhanced the activity of osteoblasts in osteoporotic mice	Yang et al. (2019b)
MM cells	lncRNA RUNX2-AS1	RUNX2	N/A	inhibiting the osteogenicity of MSCs	Li et al. (2018)
osteoclasts	NONMMUT000375.2	genes related to osteoclast	N/A	repressed the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells	Xu et al. (2020a)
	NONMMUT071578
BMSCs	lncRNA H19	Angpt1/Tie2-NO	High	promoted osteogenesis and angiogenesis through mediating Angpt1/Tie2-NO signaling	Behera et al. (2021)
circ-Rtn4 modified BMSCs	circ-Rtn4	miR-146a	N/A	reduced the cytotoxicity and apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells induced by TNF-α	Cao et al. (2020)
serum samples	hsa_circ_0006859	miR-431-5p	High	Hsa_circ_0006859 suppressed osteoblastic differentiation and promoted adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.	Zhi et al. (2021)
osteoporotic plasma exosomes	tRF-25 tRF-38 tRF-18	N/A	High	had good accuracy in the diagnosis of osteoporosis	Zhang et al. (2018b)