TABLE 2.

The role of exosomal non-coding RNAs in osteoarthritis.

Origin of exosomes	Exosomes cargo	Pathway	ncRNA expression	Mechanism	References
HBMSCs	miR-26a-5p	PTGS2	high	could delay synovial fibroblast damage in vitro and reduce OA damage	Jin et al. (2020b)
HBMSCs	miR-320c	N/A	high	promoting the proliferation of HBMSC chondrocytes and down-regulating matrix metallopeptidase 13	Sun et al. (2019)
MSCs	miR-135b	Sp1	high	promote chondrocyte proliferation, thereby promoting cartilage repair	Wang et al. (2018)
MSCs chondrocyte	miR-92a-3p	WNT5A	high	promoted cartilage proliferation and matrix gene expression in MSCs.	Mao et al. (2018b)
Plasma	miR-193b	HDAC3	low	promoting histone H3 acetylation and regulating the metabolism of primary human chondrocytes	Lin et al. (2014)
human synovial mesenchymal stem cells	miR-140-5p	N/A	high	promote cartilage regeneration and delay the progression of knee OA	Tao et al. (2017)
synovial fluid	miR-200C	N/A	high	miR-200C increased 2.5 times in OA exosomes compared to non-OA patients	Rokavec et al. (2012)
primary chondrocytes	miR-95-5p	HDAC2/8	high	regulated cartilage development and homogenous balance by directly targeting HDAC2/8	Mao et al. (2018a)
human exfoliated deciduous teeth	miR-100-5p	mTOR3’ untranslated region	high	inhibited the inflammation of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) chondrocytes	Luo et al. (2019)
subchondral osteoblasts	hsa-miR-4717-5p	RGS2	high	differentially expressed gene with the largest folding changes in the occurrence and progression of OA	Liu et al. (2018a)
BMSCs	miR-9-5p	SDC1	N/A	reduce inflammation and OA-like injury	Jin et al. (2020a)
chondrocytes	miR-8485	Wnt/β-catenin, GSK-3β	N/A	stimulating the cartilage differentiation of BMSCs	Li et al. (2020)
IPFP-MSCs	miR-100-5p	mTOR	high	promote the abnormal gait of OA mice and reduce the pathological changes of articular cartilage in vivo	Wu et al. (2019)
chondrocytes	lncRNA HULC	N/A	high	promoted cell apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation	Song et al. (2017)
synovial fluid	lncRNA PCGEM1	N/A	high	the exosomal lncRNA PCGEM1 may be a novel indicator to distinguish early OA from late OA	Zhao and Xu, (2018)
MSCKLF3-AS1	lncRNA KLF3-AS1	miR-206/GIT1 axis	high	promoted the expression of GIT and alleviated the chondrocyte damage induced by IL-1β	Liu et al. (2018b)
MSCs	lncRNA KLF3-AS1	Col2a1	high	inhibited IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis	Liu et al. (2018c)
The Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte	lncRNA H19	miR-106b-5p/TIMP2 axis	low	inhibited the degradation of the matrix in OA	Tan et al. (2020)
Human chondrocyte cell	circ_0001846	miR-149–5p/WNT5B axis	high	modulated IL-1β-induced chondrocyte cell damage	Zhu et al. (2021)
Human chondrocyte cell	circ-BRWD1	miR-1277/TRAF6 axis	high	contributed to osteoarthritis development	Guo et al. (2021)
MSCs	circRNA_0001236	miR-3677-3p/Sox9 axis	high	enhanced chondrogenesis and suppress cartilage degradation	Mao et al. (2021)