Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and substance use in the overall sample and by marijuana exposure during pregnancy (n = 251)
| Characteristics | Overall | Marijuana exposure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use (n = 116) | Non-use (n = 135) | p-value | ||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Maternal age at enrollment (years) | 28.4 (5.6) | 27.0 (5.5) | 29.5 (5.5) | < 0.0011 |
| Gestational age at enrollment (weeks) | 23.0 (7.1) | 22.4 (7.3) | 23.5 (6.9) | 0.2301 |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Partnership statusa | 0.1322 | |||
| Single/separated/divorced/widowed | 108 (43.0) | 56 (48.3) | 52 (38.5) | |
| Married/cohabitating | 142 (56.6) | 60 (51.7) | 82 (60.7) | |
| Ethnicity: Hispanic/Latina | 172 (68.5) | 82 (70.7) | 90 (66.7) | 0.494 |
| Race | 0.9073 | |||
| African American | 4 (1.6) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (2.2) | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 16 (6.4) | 7 (6.0) | 9 (6.7) | |
| Multiracial/Other | 17 (6.8) | 8 (6.9) | 9 (6.7) | |
| White | 214 (85.3) | 100 (86.2) | 114 (84.4) | |
| Education level | 0.5702 | |||
| Less than high school | 62 (24.7) | 29 (25.0) | 33 (24.4) | |
| High school graduate or GED | 77 (30.7) | 39 (33.6) | 38 (28.1) | |
| Some college or higher | 112 (44.6) | 48 (41.4) | 64 (47.4) | |
| Employed (at enrollment)b | 93 (37.1) | 38 (32.8) | 55 (40.7) | 0.2102 |
| Health insurance status | 0.6842 | |||
| Medicaid | 209 (83.3) | 99 (85.3) | 110 (81.5) | |
| Employer-based insurance | 26 (10.4) | 11 (9.5) | 15 (11.1) | |
| Otherc | 16 (6.4) | 6 (5.2) | 10 (7.4) | |
| Type of MOUD | 0.4863 | |||
| Methadone | 69 (27.5) | 27 (23.3) | 42 (31.1) | |
| Buprenorphine | 108 (43.0) | 54 (46.6) | 54 (40.0) | |
| Methadone and buprenorphine | 5 (2.0) | 3 (2.6) | 2 (1.5) | |
| Other opioid used | ||||
| Heroin | 76 (30.3) | 39 (33.6) | 37 (27.4) | 0.3032 |
| Opioid analgesics | 60 (23.9) | 32 (27.6) | 28 (20.7) | 0.2172 |
| Opiates detected by UDS only | 4 (1.6) | 3 (2.6) | 1 (0.7) | 0.338 3 |
| Polysubstance usee | 91 (36.3) | 52 (44.8) | 39 (28.9) | 0.0092 |
| Tobacco use | 177 (70.5) | 89 (76.7) | 88 (65.2) | 0.0462 |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average ounces of alcohol per day, LMP to Visit 1f | 0.4 (1.2) | 0.6 (1.5) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.0274 |
| AUDIT score | 7.3 (9.0) | 7.8 (8.6) | 6.8 (9.4) | 0.0714 |
GED General Educational Development, MOUD medication for opioid use disorder, UDS urine drug screen, LMP last menstrual period
aOne partnership status is missing in the marijuana non-use group
bOne employment status is missing the marijuana use group
c“Other” includes lack of insurance or self-purchased
dCategories are not mutually exclusive
ePolysubstance use defined as using at least one other substance including: stimulants, benzodiazepines, sedatives, prescription medications (Soma/Carisoprodol), or hallucinogens
fAverage absolute ounces of alcohol per day across two 30-day timeline follow-back (TLFB) calendars
1P-value obtained from the two-sample t test
2P-value obtained from the chi-square test
3P-value obtained from the Fisher’s exact test
4P-value obtained from the two-sample Wilcoxon rank sum test