Table 2.
Predicting developmental outcomes in young adulthood (age 21 to 31 years) in the presence of externalising problems in childhood or adolescence using linear and logistic regression models1
Source: KiGGS baseline survey (2003–2006),
KiGGS Wave 2 (2014–2017)
| Outcome in young adulthood2 | Coefficient for externalising problems in Model 13 | Coefficient for externalising problems in Model 23, 4 |
|---|---|---|
| Mental health | ||
| General mental health (MHI-5) (n=3,449) | B=-3.71** | B=-2.75* |
| Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-8) (n=3,456) | B=1.05*** | B=0.79** |
| Panic disorder (PHQ panic) (n=3,421) | OR=1.08 | OR=1.04 |
| Eating disorder symptoms (SCOFF) (n=3,481) | OR=1.43** | OR=1.31* |
| Life satisfaction and quality of life | ||
| General life satisfaction (PWI-A) (n=3,455) | B=-4.01** | B=-2.48 |
| Physical quality of life (SF-8) (n=3,480) | B=-1.63** | B=-1.36* |
| Psychological quality of life (SF-8) (n=3,480) | B=-0.75 | B=-1.25 |
| Education status (ISCED) | ||
| Low vs. medium (n=3,463) | RRR=2.53*** | OR=2.37** |
| High vs. medium (n=3,463) | RRR=0.68* | OR=0.68* |
| Substance use | ||
| Risky alcohol consumption (Audit-C)5 (n=3,479) | B=0.18 | B=0.13 |
| Smoking (n=3,492) | OR=2.50*** | OR=2.39*** |
| Partnership, sexual and reproductive health | ||
| Permanent partnership (n=3,491) | OR=1.13 | OR=1.13 |
| Age of first sexual intercourse (n=3,192) | B=-0.71*** | B=-0.71*** |
| Number of sexual partners (n=3,206) | B=0.36* | B=0.34 |
| General vs. occasional condom use5, 6 (n=3,177) | RRR=0.95 | OR=1.00 |
| No vs. occasional condom use5, 6 (n=3,177) | RRR=0.96 | OR=0.98 |
| Risk for unplanned children (n=340)7 | OR=0.38* | OR=0.33* |
B = Beta coefficient, OR = Odds Ratio, RRR = Relative Risk Ratio, MHI = Mental Health Inventory, PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire,
SCOFF = Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food, PWI-A = Personal Wellbeing Index, SF = Short-Form Health Survey,
ISCED = International Standard Classification of Education, Audit-C = Alcohol use disorders identification test – Consumption
* p < 0.05,
** p < 0.01,
*** p < 0.001
1 Model 1 without and model 2 with consideration of protective factors at KiGGS baseline survey
2 All models adjusted for age, gender, socioeconomic status and migration background and internalising problems
3 OR for categorical outcomes (binary logistic regression), RRR for categorical outcomes (multinomial logistic regression), B for metric outcomes (linear regression), negative coefficients indicate an opposite, positive coefficients indicate a same-sense association of the predictor with the respective outcome
4 Adjusted for protective factors
5 Models additionally adjusted for quadratic age term
6 Models additionally adjusted for steady partnership and number of sexual partners
7 Lower case number due to filtering in the questionnaire