Table 1.

Advantages and Disadvantages of physical decellularization

Technique		Mechanism	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Physical decellularizationl	Freeze-thawing	Temperatures change alternately between − 80 °C and 37 °C. Liquid nitrogen creates ice crystals in the cell membran and destroys the cells.	No need for chemical reagents keeping the mechanical properties	Incomplete decellularization	[60]
	Supercritical carbondioxide (SC- CO2)	At a pressure of 30 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C, cells and genetic material are removed from the bone tissue.	High biocompatible No need for terminal sterilization Preservation of ECM construction Perfect decellularization Fast Nontoxic	No disadvantages have been reported for this method.	[61]
	High hydrostatic pressure (HHP)	Disrupts cell membrane through high hydrostatic pressure	High biocompatible No need for terminal sterilization Preservation of ECM construction Perfect decellularization Fast	No disadvantages have been reported for this method.	[62]