Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population
| Overall | Neurosurgerya | No-neurosurgery | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, N (%) | 2151 (100) | 569 (100) | 1582 (100) | |
| Age, years (mean, SD) | 52 (25) | 49 (22) | 54 (25) | <.001 |
| Male | 1466 (68) | 425 (75) | 1041 (66) | <.001 |
| Preinjury ASA score | ||||
| ASA 1–2 | 1543 (72) | 416 (73) | 1127 (71) | .39 |
| ASA 3–4 | 608 (28) | 153 (27) | 455 (29) | |
| Antithrombotic therapy | 545 (25) | 115 (20) | 430 (27) | .001 |
| Preinjury substance dependence | 325 (15) | 113 (20) | 212 (13) | <.001 |
| High-energy trauma | 810 (38) | 281 (49) | 529 (33) | <.001 |
| Extracranial injury | 1014 (47) | 322 (57) | 692 (44) | <.001 |
| Alcohol at time of injury | 580 (27) | 171 (30) | 409 (26) | .053 |
| Glasgow coma score (GCS) | ||||
| 13–15 | 1267 (59) | 108 (19) | 1159 (73) | <.001 |
| 9–12 | 334 (15) | 111 (20) | 223 (14) | |
| 3–8 | 550 (26) | 350 (62) | 200 (13) | |
| CT findings | ||||
| Midline shift > 5 mm | 353 (16) | 216 (38) | 137 (9) | <.001 |
| Basal cisterns compressed or absent | 350 (16) | 228 (40) | 122 (8) | <.001 |
| tSAH or IVH | 1287 (60) | 402 (71) | 886 (56) | <.001 |
| EDH | 333 (16) | 141 (25) | 192 (12) | <.001 |
| ASDH | 1185 (55) | 407 (72) | 778 (49) | <.001 |
| Intracerebral contusion | 1030 (48) | 352 (62) | 678 (43) | <.001 |
| CT Rotterdam score | ||||
| 1–2 | 848 (39) | 133 (23) | 715 (45) | <.001 |
| 3–4 | 1122 (52) | 335 (59) | 787 (50) | |
| 5–6 | 181 (8) | 101 (18) | 80 (5) | |
| Referral to OUH | ||||
| Primary | 800 (37) | 272 (48) | 528 (33) | <.001 |
| Secondary | 815 (38) | 269 (47) | 546 (35) | |
| Other | 536 (25) | 28 (5) | 508 (32) | |
| Trauma team activation | 1655 (77) | 533 (94) | 1122 (71) | <.001 |
| Intubated | 721 (34) | 462 (81) | 259 (16) | <.001 |
| Any extracranial surgery | 459 (21) | 171 (30) | 288 (18) | <.001 |
| Admitted intensive care unit | 1457 (68) | 568 (100) | 889 (56) | <.001 |
| In-hospital mortality | 173 (8) | 63 (11) | 110 (7) | .002 |
| GCS 15 at discharge | 1356 (63) | 170 (30) | 1186 (75) | <.001 |
ASDH acute subdural hematoma, EDH epidural hematoma, IVH Intraventricular hemorrhage, OUH Oslo University Hospital, tSAH Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
Categorical variables presented as N (%), continuous variables presented as the mean (SD) or median (IQR)
aPatient undergoing one or more of the following procedures (redo surgeries are not included): ICP-monitor, evacuation of intracranial mass lesion (epidural hematoma, acute subdural hematoma, intracerebral contusion), decompressive craniectomy, external ventricular drain