Table 1. Demographics, Clinical Characteristics, and IBD Medications of All IBD/COVID-19 Patients and Patients Separated Into ED Visit Only and Hospitalized (n = 83).
| All IBD/COVID-19 (n = 83) |
IBD/COVID-19 patients with ED visit only (n = 27) |
IBD/COVID-19 patients hospitalized (n = 56) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | # | % | n | # | % | n | # | % | |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Sex | 83 | 27 | 56 | ||||||
| Female | 41 | 49.4 | 13 | 48.2 | 28 | 50.0 | |||
| Male | 42 | 50.6 | 14 | 51.9 | 28 | 50.0 | |||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 83 | 56.9 | 18.5 | 27 | 49.0 | 12.7 | 56 | 60.7 | 19.7 |
| Race | 70 | 22 | 48 | ||||||
| White | 52 | 74.3 | 14 | 63.6 | 38 | 79.2 | |||
| Black or African American | 9 | 12.9 | 4 | 18.2 | 5 | 10.4 | |||
| Asian | 2 | 2.9 | 1 | 4.5 | 1 | 2.1 | |||
| American Indian/native Alaskan | 1 | 1.4 | 1 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Multiracial | 6 | 8.6 | 2 | 9.1 | 4 | 8.3 | |||
| Ethnicity | 61 | 21 | 40 | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 7 | 11.5 | 4 | 19.0 | 3 | 7.5 | |||
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 54 | 88.5 | 17 | 81.0 | 37 | 92.5 | |||
| Health characteristics | |||||||||
| BMIa | 66 | 16 | 50 | ||||||
| < 18.5 (underweight) | 2 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4.0 | |||
| 18.5 - 24.9 (normal weight) | 22 | 33.3 | 4 | 25.0 | 18 | 36.0 | |||
| 25.0 - 29.9 (overweight) | 16 | 24.2 | 5 | 31.3 | 11 | 22.0 | |||
| 30+ (obese) | 26 | 39.4 | 7 | 43.8 | 19 | 38.0 | |||
| Smoking status (cigarettes) | 72 | 23 | 49 | ||||||
| Current smoker | 2 | 2.8 | 1 | 4.3 | 1 | 2.0 | |||
| Prior smoker | 14 | 19.4 | 2 | 8.7 | 12 | 24.5 | |||
| Never smoker | 56 | 77.8 | 20 | 87.0 | 36 | 73.5 | |||
| IBD diagnosis | 83 | 27 | 56 | ||||||
| CD | 46 | 55.4 | 17 | 63.0 | 29 | 51.8 | |||
| UC | 35 | 42.2 | 10 | 37.0 | 25 | 44.6 | |||
| Indeterminate colitis | 2 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| Comorbidities | 83 | 27 | 56 | ||||||
| AIDS | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| Anxiety | 11 | 13.3 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 19.6 | |||
| Asthma | 4 | 4.8 | 1 | 3.7 | 3 | 5.4 | |||
| Bipolar disorder | 2 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| Cancer (current)b | 3 | 3.6 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5.4 | |||
| Colon cancerc | 2 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| Cancer (prior)b | 9 | 10.8 | 5 | 18.5 | 4 | 7.1 | |||
| Breast cancer | 2 | 2.4 | 2 | 7.4 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Colon cancer | 2 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| Lung cancer | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| Melanoma | 1 | 1.2 | 1 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 1 | 1.2 | 1 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Prostate | 1 | 1.2 | 1 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Sarcoma | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| Cardiac arrest history | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 10 | 12.1 | 3 | 11.1 | 7 | 12.5 | |||
| Chronic kidney disease | 7 | 8.4 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 12.5 | |||
| History of renal transplant and/or on dialysis | 3 | 3.6 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5.4 | |||
| Chronic pain (other than fibromyalgia) | 2 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| Cirrhosis | 1 | 1.2 | 1 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 4 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7.1 | |||
| COPD | 2 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| CAD | 9 | 10.8 | 1 | 3.7 | 8 | 14.3 | |||
| Dementia | 6 | 7.2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 10.7 | |||
| Depression | 12 | 14.5 | 2 | 7.4 | 10 | 17.9 | |||
| Diabetes (gestational) | 2 | 2.4 | 1 | 3.7 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| Diabetes (type I) | 4 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7.1 | |||
| Diabetes (type II) | 17 | 20.5 | 4 | 14.8 | 13 | 23.2 | |||
| DVT history | 9 | 10.8 | 2 | 7.4 | 7 | 12.5 | |||
| Fibromyalgia | 3 | 3.6 | 1 | 3.7 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| HCV | 1 | 1.2 | 1 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Hypertension | 34 | 40.1 | 7 | 25.9 | 27 | 48.2 | |||
| Intellectual disability | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| Myocardial infarction history | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| NAFLD | 1 | 1.2 | 1 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| Pulmonary embolism history | 6 | 7.2 | 1 | 3.7 | 5 | 8.9 | |||
| Schizophrenia | 5 | 6.0 | 1 | 3.7 | 4 | 7.1 | |||
| Stroke history | 4 | 4.8 | 1 | 3.7 | 3 | 5.4 | |||
| IBD medications taken in 2020 | 82 | 26 | 56 | ||||||
| No IBD meds taken in 2020 | 41 | 50.0 | 14 | 53.8 | 27 | 48.2 | |||
| 5-aminosalicylate | |||||||||
| Mesalamine | 24 | 29.3 | 7 | 26.9 | 17 | 30.4 | |||
| Sulfasalazine | 5 | 6.1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 8.9 | |||
| Antibiotics (only for IBD) | |||||||||
| Ciprofloxacin | 2 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| Metronidazole | 2 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| Biologic therapy | |||||||||
| Adalimumab (Humira) | 5 | 6.1 | 2 | 7.7 | 3 | 5.4 | |||
| Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Golimumab (Simponi) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Infliximab (Remicade) | 4 | 4.9 | 2 | 7.7 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| Infliximab biosimilar (Renflexis, Inflectra) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Natalizumab (Tysabri) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Ustekinumab (Stelara) | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| Vedolizumab (Entyvio) | 3 | 3.7 | 1 | 3.8 | 2 | 3.6 | |||
| Corticosteroids (only for IBD) | |||||||||
| Budesonide (oral) | 2 | 2.4 | 1 | 3.8 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| Prednisone or prednisolone (oral) | 12 | 14.6 | 2 | 7.7 | 10 | 17.9 | |||
| Rectal steroids | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Immunomodulator | |||||||||
| 6-MP | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Azathioprine | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| Cyclosporine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Methotrexate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Tacrolimus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Tofacitinib (JAK inhibitor) | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.8 | |||
aCalculated from first weight recorded in 2020. bExcluding non-melanoma skin cancer. cIncludes one colon cancer with brain metastases disease. AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CD: Crohn’s disease; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; ED: emergency department; HCV: hepatitis C virus; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; JAK: Janus kinase; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SD: standard deviation; UC: ulcerative colitis; 6-MP: 6-mercaptopurine.