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. 2021 Dec 21;14(6):324–333. doi: 10.14740/gr1447

Table 2. Association Between Potential Risk Factors and Adverse Outcomes During COVID-19 Hospitalization.

COVID-19 outcome Risk factor OR 95% CI P value
Death Demographics
  Age > 65 years 2.88 0.73 - 11.32 0.18
  Male sex 2.00 0.51 - 7.80 0.31
  Non-white race 0.49 0.05 - 4.54 1.00
Health characteristics
  Obese 0.12 0.01 - 1.00 0.04
  Current or prior smoker 2.40 0.46 - 12.58 0.36
  UC IBD diagnosis 0.65 0.17 - 2.55 0.74
  Comorbidities
    Anxiety 0.35 0.04 - 3.07 0.43
    Depression 1.03 0.19 - 5.69 1.00
    Diabetes 0.40 0.08 - 2.10 0.47
    DVT and/or PE history 3.10 0.71 - 13.48 0.20
    Hypertension 0.87 0.23 - 3.27 0.84
  IBD medications
    No IBD medications 2.19 0.56 - 8.54 0.25
    Biologic therapy 1.78 0.30 - 10.67 0.61
      Anti-TNF biologic therapya 1.40 0.13 - 14.92 1.00
    5-aminosalicylates 0.28 0.05 - 1.43 0.17
    Corticosteroids b b 0.10
ICU stay Demographics
  Age > 65 years 1.44 0.40 - 5.20 0.57
  Male sex 2.40 0.63 - 9.16 0.19
  Non-white race c c 0.17
Health characteristics
  Obese 0.34 0.06 - 1.80 0.28
  Current or prior smoker 0.91 0.16 - 5.20 1.00
  UC IBD diagnosis 0.55 0.14 - 2.09 0.37
  Comorbidities
    Anxiety 1.50 0.33 - 6.82 0.69
    Depression 1.76 0.38 - 8.19 0.43
    Diabetes 0.64 0.15 - 2.74 0.73
    DVT and/or PE history 0.31 0.04 - 2.69 0.42
    Hypertension 1.10 0.31 - 3.93 0.89
  IBD medications
    No IBD medications 1.68 0.46 - 6.12 0.43
    Biologic therapy 0.58 0.06 - 5.31 1.00
      Anti-TNF biologic therapya 1.24 0.12 - 13.15 1.00
    5-aminosalicylates 0.44 0.10 - 1.84 0.33
    Corticosteroids b b 0.10
Mechanical ventilation Demographics
  Age > 65 years 1.08 0.26 - 4.54 1.00
  Male sex 2.27 0.51 - 10.18 0.47
  Non-white race c c 0.32
Health characteristics
  Obese 0.61 0.11 - 3.52 0.69
  Current or prior smoker 0.52 0.05 - 4.89 1.00
  UC IBD diagnosis 0.57 0.13 - 2.55 0.72
  Comorbidities
     Anxiety 1.21 0.21 - 6.81 1.00
    Depression 1.39 0.24 - 7.98 0.66
    Diabetes 0.55 0.10 - 2.98 0.70
    DVT and/or PE history 0.46 0.05 - 4.15 0.67
    Hypertension 0.83 0.20 - 3.50 1.00
  IBD medications
    No IBD medications 0.83 0.20 - 3.50 1.00
    Biologic therapy 0.85 0.09 - 8.09 1.00
      Anti-TNF biologic therapya 1.83 0.17 - 19.91 0.51
    5-aminosalicylates 0.74 0.16 - 3.31 1.00
    Corticosteroids b b 0.18
Composite adverse outcomes variablee Demographics
  Age > 65 years 2.14 0.66 - 6.95 0.20
  Male sex 2.04 0.62 - 6.69 0.24
  Non-white race 0.24 0.03 - 2.12 0.25
Health characteristics
  Obese 0.19 0.04 - 0.95 0.03
  Current or prior smoker 1.84 0.44 - 7.76 0.45
  UC IBD diagnosis 0.66 0.20 - 2.17 0.50
  Comorbidities
    Anxiety 0.92 0.21 - 4.04 1.00
    Depression 1.89 0.45 - 7.86 0.45
    Diabetes 0.38 0.09 - 1.57 0.17
    DVT and/or PE history 1.57 0.39 - 6.34 0.71
    Hypertension 0.54 0.17 - 1.78 0.31
  IBD medications
    No IBD medications 2.25 0.69 - 7.42 0.18
    Biologic therapy 1.00 0.17 - 5.77 1.00
      Anti-TNF biologic therapya 0.82 0.08 - 8.55 1.00
    5-aminosalicylates 0.41 0.11 - 1.48 0.17
    Corticosteroids b b 0.02

aAdalimumab and infliximab. bUnable to be calculated due to 0 cell count. No patients who had received corticosteroids for IBD died, stayed in the ICU, or were ventilated. cUnable to be calculated due to 0 cell count. No non-white patients stayed in the ICU or were ventilated. dDefined as an increase in serum creatinine by ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 48 h or an increase in serum creatinine to ≥ 1.5 times baseline within the prior 7 days compared with the preceding 1 year of data in acute care medical records. Does not include patients with a pre-existing diagnosis of end-stage kidney disease. eComposite adverse outcomes variable included at least one of the following: death, ICU stay, mechanical ventilator use. CI: confidence interval; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; ICU: intensive care unit; OR: odds ratio; PE: pulmonary embolism; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UC: ulcerative colitis.