Table 1. Baseline Characteristics Based on Podiatry Evaluation Status.
| Variable | PODEVAL(N = 92) | No PODEVAL (N = 105) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age mean (SD) | 76.9 (6.9) | 75.5 (6.9) | 0.151 |
| Gender | |||
| Male (n, %) | 51 (55.4) | 43 (41.0) | 0.042 |
| Female (n, %) | 41 (44.6) | 62 (59.0) | |
| Race | |||
| Caucasian (n, %) | 58 (63.0) | 68 (64.8) | 0.682 |
| African-American (n, %) | 19 (20.7) | 17 (16.2) | |
| Other (n, %) | 15 (16.3) | 20 (19.0) | |
| Social factors | |||
| Cigarettes (n, %) | 18 (19.6) | 20 (19.0) | 0.927 |
| Alcohol (n, %) | 29 (31.5) | 34 (32.4) | 0.897 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| CAD (n, %) | 52 (56.5) | 47 (44.8) | 0.100 |
| CVA (n, %) | 11 (12.0) | 10 (9.5) | 0.581 |
| PAD (n, %) | 46 (50.0) | 28 (26.7) | < 0.001 |
| Dementia (n, %) | 17 (18.5) | 18 (17.1) | 0.598 |
| Osteoarthritis (n, %) | 58 (63.0) | 77 (73.1) | 0.121 |
| CAS (n, %) | 17 (18.5) | 12 (11.4) | 0.164 |
| CHF (n, %) | 20 (21.7) | 14 (13.3) | 0.119 |
| Dizziness (n, %) | 33 (35.9) | 42 (40.0) | 0.551 |
| Anemia (n, %) | 44 (47.8) | 54 (51.4) | 0.614 |
| CKD (n, %) | 53 (57.6) | 60 (57.1) | 0.947 |
| COPD (n, %) | 19 (20.7) | 22 (21.0) | 0.959 |
| Syncope (n, %) | 13 (14.1) | 16 (15.2) | 0.827 |
| Peripheral neuropathy (n, %) | 69 (75.0) | 50 (47.6) | < 0.001 |
| Bunions and callouses (n, %) | 45 (48.9) | 29 (27.6) | 0.002 |
| Hammertoe (n, %) | 23 (25.0) | 16 (15.2) | 0.086 |
| Vitals | |||
| SBP (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 128 (12.6) | 131 (13.7) | 0.178 |
| DBP (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 72 (10.4) | 75 (9.4) | 0.077 |
| Pulse (BPM), mean (SD) | 74 (11.2) | 76 (12.2) | 0.213 |
| Other parameters | |||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 30.3 (5.9) | 31.7 (7.5) | 0.145 |
| HbA1c, mean (SD) | 7.3 (1.2) | 6.9 (1.1) | 0.038 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL), mean (SD) | 34.1 (17.2) | 34.5 (12.9) | 0.861 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/mL), mean (SD) | 860.8 (695.3) | 856.8 (706.6) | 0.974 |
| Medication | |||
| Statin (n, %) | 76 (82.6) | 84 (80.0) | 0.640 |
| Aspirin (n, %) | 61 (66.3) | 62 (59.0) | 0.294 |
| Insulin (n, %) | 32 (34.8) | 18 (18.1) | 0.008 |
| OHA (n, %) | 68 (73.9) | 84 (80.0) | 0.310 |
| ACE-I (n, %) | 25 (27.2) | 25 (23.8) | 0.588 |
| ARB (n, %) | 31 (33.7) | 49 (46.7) | 0.064 |
| Outcome | |||
| Fall (n, %) | 33 (35.9) | 34 (32.4) | 0.606 |
PODEVAL: Had an evaluation by a podiatrist; No PODEVAL: Did not have a podiatrist evaluation; SD: standard deviation; CAD: coronary artery disease; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; PAD: peripheral artery disease; CAS: carotid artery stenosis; CHF: congestive heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BPM: beats per minute; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agent; ACE-I: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker.