Table 3.
Associations Between Healthcare Worker Demographics/Occupational Factors and Mental Health (Adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) and 95% CI)
| Healthcare worker demographics and occupational factors | Measure of healthcare worker mental health | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression (PHQ-2) (Ref = Unlikely depression) |
Anxiety (GAD-7) (Ref = Minimal) |
Sleep disturbance (PROMIS) (Ref = Within normal limits) |
Posttraumatic stress (IES-R) (Ref = Unlikely PTSD) |
Burnout (MBI-2) (Ref = Low burnout) |
Lower resilience (CD-RISC-2) (Ref = Higher resilience) |
|||||||
| aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
| Age (Ref = < 40) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.1) | 0.5 | (0.3–0.8)* | 0.7 | (0.5–1.1) | 0.9 | (0.5–1.4) | 0.7 | (0.5–1.2) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.1) |
| Gender (Ref = men) | 0.9 | (0.4–1.9) | 1.3 | (0.7–2.2) | 0.9 | (0.5–1.7) | 1.4 | (0.7–2.7) | 1.7 | (0.8–3.4) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.3) |
|
Race (Ref = white) | ||||||||||||
| Black/African American | 1.3 | (0.6–2.7) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.1) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.4) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.2) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.3) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.1) |
| Asian | 0.6 | (0.2–1.4) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.5) | 0.4 | (0.2–0.8)* | 0.6 | (0.3–1.3) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.4) | 1.2 | (0.7–2.3) |
| Other | 0.2 | (0.02–1.6) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.3) | 0.9 | (0.4–2.3) | 1.6 | (0.7–4.1) | 1.1 | (0.4–3.1) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.5) |
| Living situation (Ref = alone) | 0.3 | (0.2–0.6)* | 0.9 | (0.5–1.6) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.3) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.3) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.5) | 0.5 | (0.3–0.9)* |
|
Occupational role (Ref = SW/MHT/C.Mgmt/other)† | ||||||||||||
| MD/PA/NP‡ | 1.1 | (0.3–4.6) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.4) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.5) | 0.7 | (0.2–1.9) | 0.8 | (0.3–2.5) | 0.9 | (0.3–2.6) |
| Nurse/PT/RT§ | 0.7 | (0.2–3.0) | 0.3 | (0.1–0.9)* | 0.8 | (0.3–2.2) | 0.8 | (0.3–2.3) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.8) | 1.1 | (0.4–3.2) |
|
Work setting (Ref = outpatient only) | ||||||||||||
| Emergency room only | 0.7 | (0.2–3.4) | 1.7 | (0.6–5.2) | 1.6 | (0.6–4.7) | 0.8 | (0.3–2.5) | 1.4 | (0.4–4.8) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.7) |
| Inpatient only | 0.8 | (0.2–4.1) | 1.7 | (0.6–5.2) | 1.2 | (0.4–3.6) | 0.7 | (0.2–2.3) | 1.3 | (0.4–4.5) | 1.0 | (0.3–3.1) |
| Multiple settings | 0.8 | (0.2–4.2) | 1.5 | (0.5–4.4) | 1.1 | (0.4–3.1) | 0.7 | (0.2–2.2) | 1.1 | (0.3–3.7) | 1.4 | (0.5–4.3) |
|
Weekly days providing in-person care to COVID-infected patients (Ref = none) | ||||||||||||
| Some/half | 2.6 | (0.9–7.4) | 2.1 | (1.1–4.1)* | 1.2 | (0.6–2.3) | 1.2 | (0.5–2.5) | 1.4 | (0.6–3.0) | 1.0 | (0.5–2.1) |
| All/most | 3.9 | (1.3–11.7)* | 3.0 | (1.4–6.3)* | 1.7 | (0.8–3.6) | 2.6 | (1.1–5.8)* | 2.6 | (1.1–6.0)* | 1.2 | (0.6–2.6) |
*p < 0.05; Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) controlled for age, race, gender, living situation, occupational role, work setting, and COVID-19 work exposure
†Non-prescriber psychosocial health providers: Social workers, mental health therapists, case managers, and other related staff
‡ Medication prescribers: Physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners
§Non-prescriber physical health providers: Nurses, patient technicians, respiratory therapists