Table 2.
Adsorption performance of biosorbents from invasive plants for the treatment of organic dyes
| Plant | Part | Biosorbent features | Target dyes | pH | Uptake capacity | Adsorption mechanism | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sargassum muticum seaweed | Whole | Particle size: 100–500 μm, point of zero charge: 5.45 | Methylene blue | 1–11 | 142.87 mg/g at 25 °C | Electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic–hydrophobic interaction | (Atouani et al. 2019) |
| Sargassum muticum seaweed | Whole | Particle size: 500 μm | Methylene blue | 5.0 | 92 mg/g at 25 °C | Electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonding, n − π electron donor–acceptor interactions | (Hannachi and Hafidh 2020) |
| Lantana camara | Stem | Treated with oxalic acid, particle size: 250–350 μm | Methylene blue | 4.84 | Raw and modified biosorbents: 23.25–111.12 mg/g, respectively, at 30 °C | Film diffusion, ionic exchange, chemical interaction | (Banerjee et al. 2016) |
| Ailanthus Excelsa | Leaf | Particle size: 150–600 μm, point of zero charge: 7.6 | Methylene blue | 10.0 | 18.867 mg/g at 27 °C | Electrostatic interaction | (Bansal et al. 2021) |
| Calotropis gigantea | Seedpod | Particle size: 250–400 μm | Methylene blue | 6.0 | 8.36 mg/g at 21 °C | Electrostatic interaction | (Ammar et al. 2021) |
| Juncus effusus | Whole | Not reported | Methylene blue | 11.0 | 117.93 mg/g at 35 °C | Monolayer chemisorption, π–π stacking interactions, mesopore-filling, intra-particle diffusion | (Liu et al. 2016) |
| Imperata cylindrica | Whole | Treated with boiling distilled water, particle size: 125–150 μm | Methylene blue | 8.46 | 27.40 mg/g at 26 °C, optimized by response surface methodology | Monolayer chemisorption | (Su et al. 2014) |
| Glebionis coronaria | Stem | Particle size: 120 μm, surface area: 1.741 m2/g, point of zero charge: 6.5 | Methylene blue | 11.0 | 258.76 mg/g at 25 °C | Not reported | (Tounsadi et al. 2016) |
| Diplotaxis harra | Stem | Particle size: 120 μm, surface area: 1.612 m2/g, point of zero charge: 6.29 | Methylene blue | 11.0 | 185.59 mg/g at 25 °C | Not reported | (Tounsadi et al. 2016) |
| Cortaderia selloana | Flower spike | Not reported | Methylene blue | Not reported | 34.48 mg/g at 25 °C | Monolayer chemisorption | (Jia et al. 2017) |
| Melaleuca diosmifolia | Leaf | Particle size: 500 μm, surface area: 0.99 m2/g | Methylene blue | 10.0 | 119.05 mg/g at 24 °C | Electrostatic interaction | (Kuppusamy et al. 2016b) |
| Carpobrotus edulis | Whole | Particle size: < 250 μm | Crystal violet | 2–11 | 17.70 mg/g at 23 °C | Not reported | (Dabagh et al. 2021) |
| Acacia mearnsii | Bark | Treated with acetone and sulfuric acid and removed tannins, surface area: 4.867 m2/g | Crystal violet | 10.0 | 280 mg/g at 30 °C | Not reported | (Silva et al. 2018) |
| Cyperus Rotundus | Whole | Particle size: 150–300 μm, point of zero charge: 5.6 | Crystal violet | 8.0 | 84.13 mg/g at 20 °C | Electrostatic interaction | (Suyamboo and Srikrishnaperumal 2014) |
| Centaurea nicaeensis | Stem | Point of zero charge: 9 | Crystal violet | 10.1 | 476.190 mg/g at 25 °C, regeneration: eleven cycles, first: 98.3% and final > 90%, ethanol as eluent solvent | hydrogen bonding | (Naderi et al. 2018) |
| Glebionis coronaria | Stem | Particle size: 120 μm, surface area: 1.741 m2/g, point of zero charge: 6.5 | Malachite green | 11.0 | 117.32 mg/g at 25 °C | Not reported | (Tounsadi et al. 2016) |
| Diplotaxis harra | Stem | Particle size: 120 μm, surface area: 1.612 m2/g, point of zero charge: 6.29 | Malachite green | 11.0 | 64.37 mg/g at 25 °C | Not reported | (Tounsadi et al. 2016) |
| Typha angustifolia | Leaf | Particle size: 1250–2000 μm | Malachite green | 8.0 | 75.27 mg/g at 35 °C | Chemical interactions | (Guechi and Hamdaoui 2013) |
| Melaleuca diosmifolia | Leaf | Particle size: 500 μm, surface area: 0.99 m2/g | Malachite green | 2.0 | 116.28 mg/g at 24 °C | Electrostatic interaction | (Kuppusamy et al. 2016b) |
| Lantana camara | Stem | Treated with oxalic acid, particle size: 250–350 μm | Rhodamine B | 4.84 | 34.24 mg/g at 30 °C | Film diffusion, ionic exchange, chemical interaction | (Banerjee et al. 2016) |
| Trapa natans | Peel | Particle size: 85–75 mesh, point of zero charge: 5.8 | Rhodamine B | 7.0 | 3.0 mg/g at 30 °C | Liquid-film, intra-particle diffusions | (Khan et al. 2013) |
| Trapa natans | Chestnut shell | Treated with 0.2 M NaOH, surface area: 1.127 m2/g, pore volume: 0.0067 cm3/g, pore radius: 1.09 nm | Rhodamine B | 8.0 | 136.46 mg/g, and 90.36% removal, regeneration study: five consecutive cycle, methanol as a green eluent | Electrostatic attraction, van der Waals force, H-bonding, and π–π stacking | (Qaiyum et al. 2021) |
| Lantana camara | Whole | Particle size: 44 mesh, surface area: 123 m2/g, pore volume: 0.07 cm3/g, point of zero charge: 6.2 | Alizarin red S | 2.0 | 0.507 mg/g, sixth regeneration cycle, the adsorption remained at 70.2%, desorption by 0.1 M NaOH | Electrostatic attraction | (Gautam et al. 2014) |
| Cyperus Rotundus | Whole | Treated with HCl, particle size: 1000–2000 μm | Acid orange 7 | 7.0 | 35.69 mg/g at 20 °C | Not reported | (Azarpira and Balarak 2016) |
| Eichhornia crassipes | Root | Particle size: 2–20 mesh, surface area: 8.07 m2/g | Red reactive dye | 2.0 | 43.28 mg/g at 30 °C, 95% of dye removal for 110 min | Monolayer chemisorption | (Rigueto et al. 2020) |
| Melaleuca diosmifolia | Leaf | Particle size: 500 μm, surface area: 0.99 m2/g | Acridine orange | 2.0 | 126.58 mg/g at 24 °C | Electrostatic interaction | (Kuppusamy et al. 2016b) |
| Melaleuca diosmifolia | Leaf | Particle size: 500 μm, surface area: 0.99 m2/g | Eriochrome black T | 2.0 | 94.34 mg/g at 24 °C | Electrostatic interaction | (Kuppusamy et al. 2016b) |