Table 6.

Associations between serum miRs with serum cytokines and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in ACHS-I (Anniston, Alabama, 2005–2007).

miR	Serum cytokines								Insulin resistance
	IL-6 ($n=734$)		IL-8 ($n=734$)		$\text{TNF}\mathrm{\alpha }$ ($n=734$)		Resistin ($n=733$)		HOMA-IR ($n=732$)
	$\mathrm{\beta }\pm \text{SE}$	$p$-Value	$\mathrm{\beta }\pm \text{SE}$	$p$-Value	$\mathrm{\beta }\pm \text{SE}$	$p$-Value	$\mathrm{\beta }\pm \text{SE}$	$p$-Value	$\mathrm{\beta }\pm \text{SE}$	$p$-Value
Up-regulated in the necrotic liver disease category
miR-122-5p	$0.04\pm 0.03$	0.21	$-0.14\pm 0.03$	$<0.001$	$0.03\pm 0.06$	0.55	$-0.42\pm 0.07$	$<0.001$	$0.24\pm 0.05$	$<0.001$
miR-192-5p	$0.04\pm 0.02$	0.06	$-0.02\pm 0.02$	0.21	$0.01\pm 0.04$	0.80	$0.00\pm 0.05$	$>0.99$	$0.04\pm 0.03$	0.22
miR-320a	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.22	$0.03\pm 0.01$	$<0.001$	$0.02\pm 0.02$	0.18	$0.05\pm 0.02$	0.02	$-0.01\pm 0.01$	0.40
miR-99a-5p	$0.02\pm 0.02$	0.26	$-0.02\pm 0.01$	0.14	$0.00\pm 0.03$	0.98	$-0.15\pm 0.04$	$<0.001$	$0.05\pm 0.03$	0.045
Down-regulated in necrotic liver disease category
miR-24-3p	$-0.02\pm 0.01$	0.11	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.95	$-0.04\pm 0.02$	0.07	$-0.03\pm 0.02$	0.31	$0.01\pm 0.02$	0.38
miR-197-3p	$0.01\pm 0.02$	0.61	$0.03\pm 0.01$	0.04	$-0.01\pm 0.03$	0.63	$0.19\pm 0.04$	$<0.001$	$-0.01\pm 0.02$	0.67
let-7d-5p	$-0.02\pm 0.01$	0.21	$0.03\pm 0.01$	0.001	$0.01\pm 0.02$	0.72	$-0.01\pm 0.03$	0.73	$-0.04\pm 0.02$	0.03
miR-221-3p	$-0.03\pm 0.01$	0.02	$-0.01\pm 0.01$	0.50	$-0.06\pm 0.02$	0.01	$-0.13\pm 0.03$	$<0.001$	$-0.01\pm 0.02$	0.68
miR-17-5p	$-0.03\pm 0.01$	0.001	$-0.02\pm 0.01$	0.004	$-0.05\pm 0.01$	$<0.001$	$-0.05\pm 0.02$	0.01	$-0.01\pm 0.01$	0.45
Associated with K18 or other liver disease category
miR-181a-5p	$-0.01\pm 0.02$	0.51	$0.03\pm 0.01$	0.01	$-0.02\pm 0.03$	0.38	$0.07\pm 0.03$	0.03	$-0.08\pm 0.02$	$<0.001$
miR-148a-3p	$0.04\pm 0.01$	0.01	$0.03\pm 0.01$	0.01	$-0.01\pm 0.02$	0.68	$0.15\pm 0.03$	$<0.001$	$0.02\pm 0.02$	0.23
miR-30c-5p	$-0.04\pm 0.01$	0.002	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.17	$-0.03\pm 0.02$	0.13	$-0.06\pm 0.03$	0.03	$-0.02\pm 0.02$	0.34
miR-18a-5p	$-0.01\pm 0.02$	0.78	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.42	$-0.05\pm 0.03$	0.15	$0.09\pm 0.04$	0.02	$-0.04\pm 0.03$	0.08
mmu-miR-199a-5p	$-0.08\pm 0.02$	$<0.001$	$-0.02\pm 0.02$	0.14	$-0.06\pm 0.03$	0.06	$-0.19\pm 0.04$	$<0.001$	$-0.05\pm 0.03$	0.09
miR-27b-3p	$-0.04\pm 0.02$	0.02	$-0.04\pm 0.01$	0.01	$-0.02\pm 0.03$	0.41	$-0.13\pm 0.04$	$<0.001$	$-0.02\pm 0.02$	0.43
miR-199a-3p	$-0.05\pm 0.02$	0.002	$-0.05\pm 0.01$	$<0.001$	$-0.02\pm 0.03$	0.38	$-0.25\pm 0.03$	$<0.001$	$-0.02\pm 0.02$	0.46
miR-15b-5p	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.55	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.09	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.79	$0.02\pm 0.02$	0.33	$-0.02\pm 0.01$	0.08
miR-29a-3p	$0.03\pm 0.01$	0.03	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.44	$0.01\pm 0.02$	0.71	$0.08\pm 0.03$	0.004	$0.02\pm 0.02$	0.30
miR-194-5p	$0.06\pm 0.02$	0.002	$0.03\pm 0.01$	0.04	$0.08\pm 0.03$	0.01	$0.15\pm 0.04$	$<0.001$	$-0.01\pm 0.03$	0.76
miR-130a-3p	$-0.02\pm 0.01$	0.09	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.12	$-0.01\pm 0.02$	0.64	$-0.10\pm 0.02$	$<0.001$	$-0.04\pm 0.02$	0.02
let-7i-5p	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.64	$0.02\pm 0.01$	0.01	$0.00\pm 0.02$	0.82	$0.13\pm 0.02$	$<0.001$	$-0.04\pm 0.02$	0.02
miR-486-5p	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.42	$-0.01\pm 0.01$	0.57	$0.01\pm 0.02$	0.49	$0.13\pm 0.03$	$<0.001$	$-0.03\pm 0.02$	0.10
miR-146a-5p	$-0.03\pm 0.01$	0.02	$-0.01\pm 0.01$	0.57	$-0.03\pm 0.02$	0.19	$-0.15\pm 0.03$	$<0.001$	$-0.01\pm 0.02$	0.47
Not associated with liver disease category or K18
miR-222-3p	$0.01\pm 0.02$	0.40	$0.04\pm 0.01$	0.002	$0.04\pm 0.03$	0.14	$0.21\pm 0.03$	$<0.0001$	$-0.01\pm 0.02$	0.62
miR-29c-3p	$0.03\pm 0.02$	0.15	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.48	$0.05\pm 0.03$	0.10	$0.16\pm 0.04$	$<0.0001$	$0.02\pm 0.02$	0.38
miR-19a-3p	$0.02\pm 0.02$	0.49	$0.02\pm 0.02$	0.37	$0.03\pm 0.04$	0.40	$0.18\pm 0.05$	$<0.0001$	$-0.03\pm 0.03$	0.33
miR-185-5p	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.35	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.68	$0.01\pm 0.02$	0.68	$0.1\pm 0.03$	0.0002	$0.00\pm 0.02$	0.80
miR-22-3p	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.21	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.56	$0.01\pm 0.02$	0.63	$-0.07\pm 0.02$	0.002	$0.03\pm 0.02$	0.051
miR-15a-5p	$0.02\pm 0.01$	0.14	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.89	$0.04\pm 0.02$	0.04	$0.04\pm 0.02$	0.06	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.62
miR-16-5p	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.53	$0.00\pm 0.00$	0.83	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.67	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.80	$-0.02\pm 0.01$	0.03
miR-21-5p	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.40	$-0.02\pm 0.01$	0.06	$0.01\pm 0.03$	0.68	$0.02\pm 0.03$	0.60	$-0.02\pm 0.02$	0.43
miR-451a	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.84	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.73	$0.02\pm 0.02$	0.36	$-0.03\pm 0.02$	0.12	$0.03\pm 0.01$	0.053
miR-223-3p	$-0.02\pm 0.01$	0.20	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.83	$-0.02\pm 0.03$	0.46	$0.01\pm 0.03$	0.67	$0.02\pm 0.02$	0.28
miR-146b-5p	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.58	$0.01\pm 0.02$	0.38	$0.05\pm 0.04$	0.14	$-0.06\pm 0.04$	0.20	$0.02\pm 0.03$	0.42
miR-92a-3p	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.20	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.58	$0.01\pm 0.01$	0.35	$0.03\pm 0.02$	0.09	$0.00\pm 0.01$	0.81

Note: Estimates are derived using Equation 3a. Generalized linear models are adjusted for self-reported race, sex, age, BMI, total lipids, total PCBs and assay plate. The $p$-values are from $t$-tests with significance set at $p<0.05$. Complete data are used in our models; thus, we are missing one resistin and two HOMA-IR measures. MiRs below the LOD are substituted with the LOD divided by the square root of 2. ACHS-I, Anniston Community Health Survey I; $\mathrm{\beta }$, beta coefficient (see Equation 3a); BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; IL-6, Interleukin 6; IL-8, Interleukin 8; K18, Keratin 18; let, lethal; LOD, limit of detection; miR, microRNA; mmu, Mus musculus; SE, standard error; $\text{TNF}\mathrm{\alpha }$, tumor necrosis factor $\mathrm{\alpha }$.