Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of pulmonary delivery of mucosal nanovaccines. (a) Representative delivery vectors of mucosal nanovaccines. (b) Illustration of biological barriers at the lung tissue. (c) Immune responses stimulated upon the delivery of mucosal vaccines. Nanoparticles can be tailored to facilitate antigens and/or adjuvants/immunostimulators to overcome the delivery barriers and elicit robust protective mucosal immune responses.
