Table 2. Adjusted sex-specific associations of adiposity measures (per SD increase) at 9 y with standardised lipoprotein, cholesterol, triglyceride, and other trait concentrations at 15 y.
| G1: BMI (9 y) and trait (15 y) | P valueb | G1: FM (9 y) and trait (15 y) | P valueb | G1: WC (9 y) and trait (15 y) | P valueb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traita | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | |||
| Extremely large VLDL | 0.12 (0.05, 0.18) | 0.23 (0.15, 0.32) | 0.03 | 0.12 (0.05, 0.19) | 0.24 (0.16, 0.32) | 0.03 | 0.14 (0.07, 0.21) | 0.26 (0.18, 0.35) | 0.02 |
| Very large VLDL | 0.11 (0.04, 0.17) | 0.23 (0.15, 0.31) | 0.02 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.24 (0.15, 0.32) | 0.01 | 0.13 (0.06, 0.19) | 0.26 (0.17, 0.35) | 0.01 |
| Large VLDL | 0.10 (0.04, 0.16) | 0.22 (0.14, 0.31) | 0.02 | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.23 (0.14, 0.31) | 0.01 | 0.12 (0.05, 0.19) | 0.25 (0.17, 0.34) | 0.01 |
| Medium VLDL | 0.11 (0.04, 0.17) | 0.23 (0.15, 0.31) | 0.02 | 0.10 (0.02, 0.17) | 0.23 (0.15, 0.31) | 0.01 | 0.13 (0.06, 0.20) | 0.26 (0.17, 0.34) | 0.02 |
| Small VLDL | 0.11 (0.04, 0.18) | 0.20 (0.12, 0.28) | 0.10 | 0.10 (0.02, 0.17) | 0.19 (0.12, 0.27) | 0.07 | 0.13 (0.06, 0.21) | 0.23 (0.15, 0.31) | 0.07 |
| Very small VLDL | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | 0.97 | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.13) | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.12) | 0.93 | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.14) | 0.07 (0.0002, 0.14) | 0.87 |
| Large LDL | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.06) | 0.35 | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.18 | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.1) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.06) | 0.45 |
| Medium LDL | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.12) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) | 0.40 | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | 0.002 (−0.07, 0.07) | 0.21 | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) | 0.49 |
| Small LDL | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.12) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) | 0.43 | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | −0.003 (−0.07, 0.07) | 0.22 | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.12) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) | 0.52 |
| Very large HDL | −0.11 (−0.18, −0.04) | −0.25 (−0.32, −0.19) | 0.002 | −0.10 (−0.18, −0.03) | −0.25 (−0.31, −0.19) | 0.002 | −0.17 (−0.24, −0.09) | −0.26 (−0.32, −0.21) | 0.03 |
| Large HDL | −0.12 (−0.19, −0.05) | −0.24 (−0.30, −0.18) | 0.01 | −0.12 (−0.19, −0.04) | −0.25 (−0.31, −0.18) | 0.01 | −0.17 (−0.24, −0.1) | −0.26 (−0.32, −0.2) | 0.05 |
| Medium HDL | −0.004 (−0.08, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.05) | 0.83 | 0.003 (−0.07, 0.08) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.04) | 0.60 | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | 0.99 |
| Small HDL | 0.09 (0.02, 0.17) | 0.15 (0.08, 0.22) | 0.25 | 0.10 (0.02, 0.18) | 0.14 (0.07, 0.21) | 0.39 | 0.11 (0.04, 0.18) | 0.15 (0.09, 0.22) | 0.34 |
| Apolipoprotein A-I | −0.06 (−0.13, 0.01) | −0.15 (−0.21, −0.09) | 0.05 | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.02) | −0.15 (−0.22, −0.09) | 0.03 | −0.09 (−0.16, −0.02) | −0.15 (−0.21, −0.09) | 0.19 |
| Apolipoprotein B | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.14 (0.07, 0.22) | 0.32 | 0.09 (0.01, 0.16) | 0.13 (0.06, 0.21) | 0.37 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.18) | 0.16 (0.08, 0.24) | 0.27 |
| Serum total cholesterol | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06) | 0.49 | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.25 | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06) | 0.61 |
| Free cholesterol | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.28 | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.04) | 0.16 | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | −0.02 (−0.08,0.05) | 0.49 |
| Esterified cholesterol | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | −0.004 (−0.07, 0.06) | 0.62 | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.31 | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.06) | 0.68 |
| Remnant cholesterol | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.15 (0.07, 0.22) | 0.26 | 0.09 (0.01, 0.17) | 0.13 (0.06, 0.21) | 0.40 | 0.11 (0.03, 0.18) | 0.16 (0.09, 0.23) | 0.31 |
| Cholesterol in VLDL | 0.12 (0.04, 0.19) | 0.22 (0.14, 0.29) | 0.07 | 0.11 (0.04, 0.19) | 0.21 (0.13, 0.29) | 0.08 | 0.15 (0.07, 0.22) | 0.24 (0.16, 0.32) | 0.08 |
| Cholesterol in LDL | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.11) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.08) | 0.55 | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.12) | −0.002 (−0.07, 0.07) | 0.27 | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) | 0.56 |
| Serum total triglycerides | 0.10 (0.03, 0.16) | 0.18 (0.10, 0.26) | 0.13 | 0.08 (0.01, 0.16) | 0.18 (0.10, 0.26) | 0.07 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.21 (0.12, 0.29) | 0.06 |
| Triglycerides in VLDL | 0.10 (0.04, 0.17) | 0.22 (0.13, 0.3) | 0.03 | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.22 (0.14, 0.3) | 0.02 | 0.12 (0.05, 0.19) | 0.25 (0.16, 0.33) | 0.02 |
| Triglycerides in LDL | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.09) | −0.08 (−0.15, −0.02) | 0.05 | 0.002 (−0.08, 0.08) | −0.09 (−0.15, −0.02) | 0.07 | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.05) | −0.08 (−0.14, −0.02) | 0.20 |
| Triglycerides in HDL | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.13) | 0.10 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.45 | 0.04 (−0.05, 0.12) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.17) | 0.28 | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.12) | 0.11 (0.04, 0.19) | 0.15 |
| VLDL particle size | 0.09 (0.03, 0.16) | 0.21 (0.14, 0.29) | 0.02 | 0.09 (0.02, 0.15) | 0.22 (0.14, 0.3) | 0.01 | 0.12 (0.05, 0.19) | 0.24 (0.16, 0.32) | 0.01 |
| LDL particle size | −0.08 (−0.14, −0.02) | −0.07 (−0.14, 0.01) | 0.74 | −0.10 (−0.16, −0.04) | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.02) | 0.31 | −0.10 (−0.15, −0.04) | −0.06 (−0.14, 0.01) | 0.49 |
| HDL particle size | −0.13 (−0.20, −0.07) | −0.29 (−0.35, −0.22) | 0.001 | −0.13 (−0.2, −0.06) | −0.28 (−0.35, −0.22) | 0.001 | −0.19 (−0.26, −0.12) | −0.3 (−0.36, −0.24) | 0.01 |
| Glycoprotein acetyls | 0.19 (0.13, 0.26) | 0.29 (0.22, 0.36) | 0.05 | 0.23 (0.16, 0.30) | 0.31 (0.24, 0.37) | 0.11 | 0.22 (0.15, 0.29) | 0.29 (0.23, 0.36) | 0.13 |
| Glucose | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01) | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.11) | 0.09 | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.12) | 0.08 | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.09) | 0.26 |
aAnalysed in SD units.
bP values shown are for sex differences in estimates.
Detailed sex difference results, results for all other traits, and P values corresponding to sex-specific estimates are shown in S4–S6 Tables. Results in original units are shown in S7–S9 Tables, and unadjusted results can be found in S10–S12 Tables. Analyses are adjusted for age at clinic completion, ethnicity, child’s mother and father education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, birth weight, gestational age, maternal age, household social class, and height and height2. SD unit of BMI = 2.7 kg/m2, 2.9 kg/m2, 3.8 kg/m2, and 4.8 kg/m2 at 9 y, 15 y, 18 y, and 50 y, respectively. SD unit of fat mass = 5 kg, 7.8 kg, 9.8 kg, and 10.2 kg at 9 y, 15 y, 18 y, and 50 y, respectively. SD unit of waist circumference = 7.4 cm, 7.8 cm, and 13 cm at 9 y, 15 y, and 50 y, respectively.
BMI, body mass index; FM, fat mass; G1, offspring generation 1; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SD, standard deviation; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; WC, waist circumference.