Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Country | Study type | Center (single-/multi-) | Sample (severe group/non severe group) | Primary outcomes | Age (yr) | Male (%) | Comorbidities (%) |
| Cai[25]2020 | China | Retrospective | Single | 298 (58/240) | Severe illness | 47.5 | 48.7 | HTN 15.8, DM 6.04, CVD 8.39 |
| Bhatla[28]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 700 (79/621) | ICU | 50 | 45 | HTN 50, CHD 11, DM 26, CKD 11 |
| Chao[29]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 46 (13/33) | ICU | 13.1 | 69.6 | NA |
| Wei[12]2020 | China | Retrospective | Single | 276 (14/262) | Severe illness | 51.0 | 56.2 | HTN 17, DM 5.1, CHD 4.0, CVD 2.2 |
| Li[26]2020 | China | Prospective | Single | 548 (269/279) | Severe illness | 60 | 50.9 | HTN 30.3, DM 15.1, CHD 6.2, CKD 1.8 |
| Almazeedi[30]2020 | Kuwait | Retrospective | Single | 1096 (42/1054) | ICU | 41 | 81 | HTN 16.1, DM 14.1, Dyslipidemia 5.9, CAD 3.7, CKD 1.0, CVD 0.6 |
| Huang[13]2020 | China | Retrospective | Multi | 202 (23/179) | Severe illness | 44 | 57.4 | HTN 14.4, DM 9.4, CAD 2.5, CVD 1.5 |
| Wu[14]2020 | China | Retrospective | Multi | 280 (83/197) | Severe illness | 43.1 | 53.9 | CVD20.36, CKD 1.07 |
| Xiang[15]2020 | China | Retrospective | Single | 49 (9/40) | Severe illness | 42.9 | 67.3 | HTN 12.2, DM 4.1 |
| Chen[16]2020 | China | Retrospective | Single | 145 (43/102) | Severe illness | 47.5 | 54.4 | HTN 15.2, DM 9.7, CKD 2.1, Hyperlipidemia 2.3 |
| Xiong[17]2020 | China | Retrospective | Multi | 131 (30/101) | Severe illness | 63.2 | 57.3 | CAD 68.7, DM 22.9 |
| Sun[18]2020 | China | Retrospective | Single | 57 (45/12) | Severe illness | NA | 50.9 | Chronic disease history 59.6 |
| Mejía-Vilet[31]2020 | Mexico | Prospective | Single | 329 (115/214) | ICU | 49 | 64 | HTN 27, DM 24, CKD 6 |
| Mejía-Vilet[31]2020 | Mexico | Prospective | Single | 240 (115/125) | ICU | 52 | 69 | HTN 31, DM 33, CKD 5 |
| Liu[19]2020 | China | Retrospective | Single | 30 (4/26) | Severe illness | 35 | 33 | NA |
| Peng[20]2020 | China | Retrospective | Single | 112 (16/96) | Severe illness | 62 | 47.3 | HTN 82.14, DM 20.54, CHD 55.36 |
| Simonnet[34]2020 | France | Retrospective | Single | 124 (85/39) | IMV | 60 | 73 | HTN 49, DM 23, Dyslipidemia 28 |
| Dreher[35]2020 | Germany | Retrospective | Single | 50 (24/26) | IMV | 65 | 66 | HTN 70, DM 59, CKD 20, CVD 14 |
| Regina[36]2020 | Switzerland | Retrospective | Single | 200 (37/163) | IMV | 70 | 60 | HTN 43.5, DM 21.5, CAD 17.5, CKD 14 |
| Zhang[21]2020 | China | Retrospective | Single | 52 (21/31) | Severe illness | 65.5 | 63.5 | HTN 65.4, DM 100, CHD 26.9, CKD 5.8 |
| Huang[22]2020 | China | Retrospective | Multi | 60 (8/52) | Severe illness | 57 | 58.3 | HTN 23.3, DM 16.7, CAD 5.0, CKD 1.7 |
| Petrey[27]2021 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 22 (8/14) | Severe illness | NA | 59 | HTN 50, DM 50 |
| Argenziano[33]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 850 (236/614) | ICU | 63 | 60.1 | HTN 59.8, DM 39.2, CKD 13.7, CAD 13.5 |
| Brill[37]2020 | UK | Retrospective | Single | 410 (173/237) | Death | 72 | 60 | HTN 43, DM 30 |
| Cao[38]2020 | China | Retrospective | Single | 102 (17/85) | Death | 54 | 52 | HTN 27.5, DM 10.8, CAD 4.9, CKD 3.9 |
| Garcia[39]2020 | Switzerland | Prospective | single | 398 (97/301) | Death | 63 | 75.1 | HTN 44.1, DM 23, CHD 23.8 |
| Gayam[40]2021 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 408 (132/276) | Death | 67 | 56.6 | HTN 66.42, DM 43.24, CAD 13.24, Dyslipidemia 16.18 |
| Krishnan[41]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 152 (92/60) | Death | 68 | 62.5 | HTN 73, DM 65, CAD 15, Hypercholesterolemia 61, CKD 14 |
| Masetti[42]2020 | Italy | Prospective | Single | 229 (33/196) | Death | 60.7 | 64.6 | HTN 38, DM 18.8, CHD 9.2, CKD 4.8 |
| Salacup[43]2021 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 242 (52/190) | Death | 66 | 49 | HTN 74, DM 49, CAD 19, CKD 17 |
| Auld[44]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 209 (62/147) | Death | 64.0 | 54.2 | HTN 61.7, DM 45.6, CAD 14.3, CKD 26.7 |
| Luo[45]2021 | China | Retrospective | Single | 85 (12/73) | Death | 63.0 | 56.5 | HTN 35.29, CHD 11.76, DM 14.12 |
| Zhang[46]2020 | China | Retrospective | Single | 43 (12/31) | Death | NA | NA | NA |
| Klang[47]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 572 (60/512) | Death | NA | 69.4 | HTN 29.5, DM 25.2, CAD 5.1, CKD 10.4, Hyperlipidemia 12.3 |
| Klang[47]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 2834 (1076/1758) | Death | NA | 58.9 | HTN 71.7, DM 47.7, CAD 20.4, CKD 17.0, Hyperlipidemia 40.0 |
| Halvatsiotis[48]2020 | Greece | Retrospective | Multi | 86 (26/60) | Death | 65.5 | 80 | HTN 50, DM 18.9, CAD 21.1, CKD 4.4 |
| Halasz[49]2020 | Italy | Retrospective | Single | 242 (78/164) | Death | 64 | 80.2 | HTN 45.5, DM 15.3, CAD 14.5 |
| Giacomelli[61]2020 | Italy | Prospective | Single | 233 (48/185) | Death | 61 | 69.1 | NA |
| Borobia[62]2020 | Spain | Retrospective | Single | 2226 (460/1766) | Death | 61 | 48.2 | HTN 41.3, DM 17.1, CKD 7.8, CHD 19.3 |
| Rossi[63]2020 | Italy | Prospective | Multi | 1292 (217/1075) | Death | 63.2 | 50.1 | HTN 18.1, DM 12, CKD 2.5, CHD 12.9, Dyslipidemia 5 |
| Carrillo-Vega[50]2020 | Mexico | Retrospective | Multi | 9946 (963/8983) | Death | 48.15 | 57.7 | HTN 21.74, DM 17.65, CHD 2.99, CKD 2.13 |
| Murillo-Zamoraa[64]2021 | Mexico | Retrospective | Multi | 5393 (1735/3658) | Death | NA | 63.6 | HTN 36.6,DM 31.1,CKD 5.5 |
| Baqui[65]2020 | Brazil | Retrospective | Multi | 7371 (3328/4043) | Death | NA | 58.2 | DM 25.7, CHD 33.9, CKD 5.3 |
| Rodríguez[66]2020 | Spain | Prospective | Single | 38 (10/28) | Death | NA | NA | DM 18.6, CHD 9.3, CKD 4.7 |
| Amit[67]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Multi | 109 (56/53) | Death | 72 | 69 | HTN 54.5, DM 39.7, CHD 32.1, CKD 15.4, Dyslipidemia 15.4 |
| Goyal[58]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 380 (129/251) | IMV | 62.2 | 60.6 | HTN 50.1,DM 25.2 |
| Hur[59]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Multi | 486 (138/348) | IMV | 59 | 55.8 | HTN 54.9, DM 32.9, CHD 22.8, CKD 8.6 |
| Carrillo-Vega[50]2020 | Mexico | Retrospective | Multi | 9946 (3922/6024) | Hospitalization | 48.15 | 57.7 | HTN 21.74, DM 17.65, CHD 2.99, CKD 2.13 |
| Shekhar[52]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 39 (27/12) | ICU | 55 | 46 | HTN 34 |
| Ebinger[53]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 214 (77/137) | ICU | 52.72 | 63.1 | HTN 36.4 |
| Ebinger[53]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 77 (52/25) | IMV | 52.72 | 74.0 | HTN 36.4 |
| Ferguson[54]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Multi | 72 (21/51) | ICU | 60.4 | 52.8 | CHD 59.7, CKD 5.6 |
| Lodigiani[55]2020 | Italy | Retrospective | Single | 363 (57/306) | ICU | 66 | 68 | HTN 47.2, DM 22.7, CHD 13.9, CKD 15.1, Dyslipidemia 19.6 |
| Hu[23]2020 | China | Retrospective | Single | 294 (164/130) | Severe illness | 61 | 51.4 | HTN 32.5, DM 14.6,CKD 2.2 |
| Itelman[56]2020 | Israel | Retrospective | Single | 162 (26/136) | ICU | 52 | 65 | HTN 30.2, DM 18.5, CHD 7.4, CKD 1.2 |
| Petrilli[51]2020 | USA | Prospective | Multi | 5279 (2741/2538) | Hospitalization | 54 | 49.5 | HTN 42.7, DM 22.6, CHD 52.1, CKD 12.3, Dyslipidemia 32.5 |
| Petrilli[51]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Multi | 4103 (1999/2104) | Hospitalization | NA | 50.5 | HTN 24, CKD 5.2, DM 15, CHD 8.9, CKD 12.3, Dyslipidemia 18 |
| Al-Sabah[32]2020 | Kuwait | Retrospective | Single | 1158 (104/1054) | ICU | 40.5 | 81.6 | HTN 20.4,DM 23.4 |
| Caussy[60]2020 | France | Retrospective | Single | 291 (170/121) | IMV | NA | NA | NA |
| Kalligeros[57]2020 | USA | Retrospective | Single | 103 (44/59) | ICU | 60 | 61.1 | HTN 64, DM 36.8, CHD 24.2, CKD 10.6 |
| Wang[24]2021 | China | Retrospective | Single | 482 (93/389) | Severe illness | 52 | 54.7 | HTN 24.77, DM 8.69, CAD 5.36 |