Table 2.
Photosensitizer system of Porphyrin and porphyrin derivatives (including porphyrin precursors).
| Photosensitizer system | Treatment effect | Combo | Radiation source | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CuS@ICG | This system aims to both kill tumor cells and disrupt the tumor microenvironment for enhanced tumor suppression | PDT and PTT | 808 nm laser | [30] |
| Ppa | Ppa is a derivative of chlorophyll, which are the most abundant natural photosynthetic pigments | – | 660 nm-light irradiation | [41] |
| Responsive NPs including Ppa was designed, It could intelligently release ROS | – | [42] | ||
| The photosensitizer Ppa was functionalized with a 1O2-responsive vinyldithioether | – | [43] | ||
| Chlorin I & II | The structures of those two compounds are also stable under photo-bleaching test, and in vivo assessments displayed that they both have high tumor selectivity | – | Absorption peak around 650 nm | [44] |
| NP-sfb/ce6 | This system is a combination of immunotherapy and PDT, and it appears that the synergistic treatment of tumor is more effective than single cancer treatment | PDT and immunotherapy | 660 nm-light irradiation | [46] |
| 5-ALA | 5-ALA, a precursor of porphyrin, is reported to delay glioma progression and is expected to have great potential in PDT. | – | 410, 510, 545, 580 and 630 nm under 405 nm + 505 nm light source, 5-ALA as photodynamic drug produced the most ROS |
[49] |
| A nano delivery system where 5-ALA is loaded on PMO with PB coating (PB@PMO-5-ALA), It increased PpIX level in glioma cells by 75% comparing with unprotected 5-ALA in mice. | – | [52] | ||
| 5-ALA may also be used in the treatment of certain skin tumors such as SCCs | Activate immune response | [53] | ||
| PMO-PpIX | The PMO load PpIX by amide bond, and this structure showed better tumor inhibition in vitro than free PpIX | – | Illuminated with green laser light (532 nm) | [55] |
| PA-Apt–CHO–PEG | PA was first linked to aptamer, and the PA-aptamer molecules ware then combined with PEG to form circular PA-aptamer-PEG. The nanostructure is stable in normal physiological environment and bonds breaking in the acidic tumor microenvironment. | pH-dependent | 670 nm light | [57] |
| COF-366 | This NPs provide the combined therapy of PTT and PDT under a single wavelength light illumination with the monitoring of photoacoustic imaging, and makes the operation simpler and more convenient | PDT, PTT and photoacoustic imaging-guided | 635 nm laser | [60] |
| Ag-MOFs@ TCPP | This structure was constructed by decorating AgNPs onto the porphyritic PCN and further camouflaging with the NM with inflammatory targeting ability (PAM) | PDT, PTT and metal ion therapy | 660 nm light irradiation | [64] |
| TAT+AzoNPs@(Ce6+TPZ) | This system include TAT (targeting peptide), Ce6 (photosensitizer), TPZ (hypoxia activatable prodrug) and PEG-Azo-PLGA (amphiphilic polymers linked by azobenzene), which could induce hypoxia in tumor tissue under light stimulation by the releasing of TPZ. | PDT, chemotherapy and controlled drug delivery system | 660 nm light irradiation | [65] |