Table 4. Subgroup associations between energy contribution of ultra-processed food and elevated blood pressure by sex.
| Subgroup | Total No. | No. (%) of elevated BP | Ultra-processed food consumption (% of total energy intake) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | p for trend | ||||
| OR | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Male | |||||||
| 30–49 years | 1,867 | 1,018 (54.5) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.68–1.15) | 1.09 (0.84–1.41) | 0.375 | |
| 50–79 years | 1,828 | 1,100 (60.2) | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 1.15 (0.88–1.49) | 0.480 | |
| Non-, ex-smokers | 2,371 | 1,380 (58.2) | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) | 0.861 | |
| Current smokers | 1,324 | 738 (55.7) | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.85–1.55) | 1.38 (1.03–1.86) | 0.030 | |
| Normal body weight (<25 kg/m2) | 2,276 | 1,142 (50.2) | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.69–1.04) | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) | 0.979 | |
| Obesity (≥25 kg/m2) | 1,419 | 976 (68.8) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.78–1.38) | 1.35 (1.00–1.82) | 0.051 | |
| Low KHEI (<64.6) | 1,975 | 1,142 (57.8) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.71–1.16) | 1.16 (0.91–1.49) | 0.159 | |
| High KHEI (≥64.6) | 1,720 | 976 (56.7) | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.68–1.07) | 1.03 (0.79–1.35) | 0.980 | |
| Female | |||||||
| 30–49 years | 2,818 | 665 (23.6) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.84–1.37) | 1.34 (1.06–1.70) | 0.011 | |
| 50–79 years | 2,675 | 1,416 (52.9) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) | 1.20 (0.98–1.47) | 0.083 | |
| Premenopause | 2,894 | 724 (25.0) | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.89–1.45) | 1.46 (1.15–1.84) | 0.001 | |
| Postmenopause | 2,521 | 1,319 (52.3) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 0.286 | |
| Normal body weight (<25 kg/m2) | 4,072 | 1,346 (33.1) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.92–1.30) | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | 0.058 | |
| Obesity (≥25 kg/m2) | 1,421 | 735 (51.7) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | 1.42 (1.08–1.87) | 0.014 | |
| Low KHEI (<64.6) | 2,393 | 877 (36.7) | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.78–1.27) | 1.27 (1.01–1.59) | 0.034 | |
| High KHEI (≥64.6) | 3,100 | 1,204 (38.8) | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.93–1.35) | 1.24 (1.01–1.53) | 0.041 | |
ORs (95% CI) of subgroup analyses according to smoking status, body mass index, and menopausal status were adjusted for all other factors not involving the subgroup.
ORs (95% CI) of subgroup analyses according to age and KHEI score were adjusted for all other factors, involving the subgroup.
Fully adjusted for age, body mass index, income (lower median/upper median), education level (≤6 years, 7–12 years
BP = blood pressure; CI = confidence interval; KHEI = Korean Health Eating Index; OR = odds ratio.