Table 1.
Summarized literature references by topic
| Title | Authors |
|---|---|
| Transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation | |
| Relief of hemiparetic spasticity by TENS is associated with improvement in reflex and voluntary motor functions | Levin et al. [60] |
| Patterned sensory stimulation induces plasticity in reciprocal Ia inhibition in humans | Perez et al. [61] |
| Electrical stimulation in treating spasticity resulting from spinal cord injury | Bajd et al. [62] |
| Neuromuscular electrical stimulation | |
| Electrical treatment of spasticity. Reflex tonic activity in hemiplegic patients and selected specific electrostimulation | Alfieri [64] |
| Two theories of muscle strength augmentation using percutaneous electrical stimulation | Delitto et al. [65] |
| Neuromuscular electrical stimulation-induced resistance training after SCI: a review of the Dudley protocol | Bickel et al. [66] |
| Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in neurorehabilitation | Sheffler et al. [67] |
| Electrical stimulation of wrist extensors in poststroke hemiplegia | Powell et al. [68] |
| Functional electrical stimulation | |
| Functional electrical stimulation therapy for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke: a review | Marquez-Chin et al. [69] |
| Functional electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury: from theory to practice | Martin et al. [70] |
| Functional electrical stimulation and spinal cord injury | Ho et al. [71] |
| Functional electrical stimulation post-spinal cord injury improves locomotion and increases afferent input into the central nervous system in rats | Beaumont et al. [72] |
| Functional electrical stimulation for neuromuscular applications | Peckham et al. [73] |
| Surface-stimulation technology for grasping and walking neuroprostheses: improving quality of life in stroke/spinal cord injury subjects with rapid prototyping and portable FES systems | Popovic et al. [74] |
| An update on functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury | Gorman [75] |
| Paradigms of lower extremity electrical stimulation training after spinal cord injury | Gorgey et al. [76] |
| Transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation for grasping in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury | Mangold et al. [77] |
| Influence of different rehabilitation therapy models on patient outcomes: hand function therapy in individuals with incomplete SCI | Kapadia et al. [78] |
| Functional electrical stimulation therapy of voluntary grasping versus only conventional rehabilitation for patients with subacute incomplete tetraplegia: a randomized clinical trial | Popovic et al. [79] |
| A noninvasive neuroprosthesis augments hand grasp force in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury: the functional and therapeutic effects | Thorsen et al. [80] |
| A clinically meaningful training effect in walking speed using functional electrical stimulation for motor-incomplete spinal cord injury | Street et al. [81] |
| Implanted functional electrical stimulation: an alternative for standing and walking in pediatric spinal cord injury | Johnston et al. [82] |
| Restoration of gait by functional electrical stimulation in paraplegic patients: a modified programme of treatment | Maležič et al. [83] |
| A randomized trial of functional electrical stimulation for walking in incomplete spinal cord injury: effects on walking competency | Kapadia et al. [84] |
| Therapeutic effects of functional electrical stimulation on gait, motor recovery, and motor cortex in stroke survivors | Shendkar et al. [85] |
| The effectiveness of functional electrical stimulation for the treatment of shoulder subluxation and shoulder pain in hemiplegic patients: a randomized controlled trial | Koyuncu et al. [86] |
| Role of electrical stimulation for rehabilitation and regeneration after spinal cord injury: an overview | Hamid et al. [51] |
| Functional electrical stimulation of dorsiflexor muscle: effects on dorsiflexor strength, plantarflexor spasticity, and motor recovery in stroke patients | Sabut et al. [87] |
| The efficacy of electrical stimulation in reducing the post-stroke spasticity: a randomized controlled study | Sahin et al. [88] |
| Functional electric stimulation-assisted rowing: increasing cardiovascular fitness through functional electric stimulation rowing training in persons with spinal cord injury | Wheeler et al. [89] |
| Efficacy of electrical stimulation for spinal fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Akhter et al. [90] |
| Functional electrical stimulation therapies after spinal cord injury | Gater et al. [91] |
| An externally powered, multichannel, implantable stimulator-telemeter for control of paralyzed muscle | Smith et al. [92] |
| Implanted functional neuromuscular stimulation systems for individuals with cervical spinal cord injuries: clinical case reports | Triolo et al. [93] |
| Efficacy of an implanted neuroprosthesis for restoring hand grasp in tetraplegia: a multicenter study | Peckham et al. [94] |
| Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study | Spungen et al. [96] |
| The effects of trunk stimulation on bimanual seated workspace | Kukke et al. [97] |
| Effects of stimulating hip and trunk muscles on seated stability, posture, and reach after spinal cord injury | Triolo et al. [98] |
| The effects of combined trunk and gluteal neuromuscular electrical stimulation on posture and tissue health in spinal cord injury | Wu et al. [99] |
| Long-term performance and user satisfaction with implanted neuroprostheses for upright mobility after paraplegia: 2- to 14-year follow-up | Triolo et al. [101] |
| An approach for the cooperative control of FES with a powered exoskeleton during level walking for persons with paraplegia | Ha et al. [102] |
| Functional neuromuscular stimulator for short-distance ambulation by certain thoracic-level spinal-cord-injured paraplegics | Graupe et al. [103] |
| Phrenic nerve pacing | |
| Diaphragm pacing for respiratory insufficiency | Chervin et al. [105] |
| Diaphragm pacing by electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve | Glenn et al. [106] |
| Multicenter review of diaphragm pacing in spinal cord injury: successful not only in weaning from ventilators but also in bridging to independent respiration | Posluszny et al. [107] |
| Successful reinnervation of the diaphragm after intercostal to phrenic nerve neurotization in patients with high spinal cord injury | Nandra et al. [108] |
| Spinal cord stimulation | |
| Restoration of sensorimotor functions after spinal cord injury | Dietz et al. [110] |
| Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation restores hand and arm function after spinal cord injury | Inanici et al. [111] |
| Transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation promotes long-term recovery of upper extremity function in chronic tetraplegia | Inanici et al. [112] |
| Transcutaneous electrical spinal-cord stimulation in humans | Gerasimenko et al. [113] |
| Non-invasive activation of cervical spinal networks after severe paralysis | Gad et al. [114] |
| Weight bearing over-ground stepping in an exoskeleton with non-invasive spinal cord neuromodulation after motor complete paraplegia | Gad et al. [115] |
| An autonomic neuroprosthesis: noninvasive electrical spinal cord stimulation restores autonomic cardiovascular function in individuals with spinal cord injury | Phillips et al. [116] |
| Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and motor rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: a systematic review | Megia Garcia et al. [117] |
| Configuration of electrical spinal cord stimulation through real-time processing of gait kinematics | Capogrosso et al. [119] |
| Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury | Wagner et al. [120] |
| Spatiotemporal neuromodulation therapies engaging muscle synergies improve motor control after spinal cord injury | Wenger et al. [121] |
| Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management | Wecht et al. [124] |
| Autonomic neuromodulation | |
| New approaches for treating atrial fibrillation: focus on autonomic modulation | Sohinki et al. [125] |
| Neuromodulation for the treatment of heart rhythm disorders | Waldron et al. [126] |
| Low-level vagus nerve stimulation attenuates myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury by antioxidative stress and antiapoptosis reactions in canines | Chen et al. [127] |
| Closed-loop neuromodulation restores network connectivity and motor control after spinal cord injury | Ganzer et al. [128] |
| Acute cardiovascular responses to vagus nerve stimulation after experimental spinal cord injury | Sachdeva et al. [129] |
| Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitative training enhances motor recovery after bilateral spinal cord injury to cervical forelimb motor pools | Darrow et al. [130] |
| Cross-modal plasticity revealed by electrotactile stimulation of the tongue in the congenitally blind | Ptito et al. [131] |
| Sustained cortical and subcortical neuromodulation induced by electrical tongue stimulation | Wildenberg et al. [132] |
| High-resolution fMRI detects neuromodulation of individual brainstem nuclei by electrical tongue stimulation in balance-impaired individuals | Wildenberg et al. [133] |
| Electrical tongue stimulation normalizes activity within the motion-sensitive brain network in balance-impaired subjects as revealed by group independent component analysis | Wildenberg et al. [134] |
| Altered connectivity of the balance processing network after tongue stimulation in balance-impaired individuals | Wildenberg et al. [135] |
| Feasibility of sensory tongue stimulation combined with task-specific therapy in people with spinal cord injury: a case study | Chisholm et al. [136] |
| Cranial nerve non-invasive neuromodulation improves gait and balance in stroke survivors: a pilot randomised controlled trial | Galea et al. [137] |
| A prospective, multicenter study to assess the safety and efficacy of translingual neurostimulation plus physical therapy for the treatment of a chronic balance deficit due to mild‐to‐moderate traumatic brain injury | Ptito et al. [138] |
| Sacral nerve stimulation | |
| Design and implementation of low-power neuromodulation S/W based on MSP430 | Hong et al. [139] |
| Electrical stimulation of sacral dermatomes can suppress aberrant urethral reflexes in felines with chronic spinal cord injury | McCoin et al. [140] |
| Neuromodulation for restoration of urinary and bowel control | Raina [141] |
| Early sacral neuromodulation prevents urinary incontinence after complete spinal cord injury | Sievert et al. [142] |
| Bladder neuromodulation in acute spinal cord injury via transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation: cystometrogram and autonomic nervous system evidence from a randomized control pilot trial | Stampas et al. [143] |
| Lower urinary tract dysfunction in the neurological patient: clinical assessment and management | Panicker et al. [144] |
| Neuromodulation by surface electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves for reduction of detrusor overactivity in patients with spinal cord injury: a pilot study | Ojha et al. [145] |
| Galvanic vestibular stimulation | |
| Vestibulospinal responses in motor incomplete spinal cord injury | Liechti et al. [146] |
| Impaired scaling of responses to vestibular stimulation in incomplete SCI | Wydenkeller et al. [147] |
| Does galvanic vestibular stimulation decrease spasticity in clinically complete spinal cord injury? | Čobeljić et al. [148] |
| Transcranial direct current stimulation | |
| Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) | Lefaucheur et al. [149] |
| Cortical vs. afferent stimulation as an adjunct to functional task practice training: a randomized, comparative pilot study in people with cervical spinal cord injury | Gomes-Osman et al. [150] |
| Improved grasp function with transcranial direct current stimulation in chronic spinal cord injury | Cortes et al. [151] |
| Effectiveness of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to improve muscle strength and motor functionality after incomplete spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis | de Araújo et al. [152] |
| Transcranial direct current stimulation is not effective in the motor strength and gait recovery following motor incomplete spinal cord injury during Lokomat® gait training | Kumru et al. [153] |
| Low-frequency rectangular pulse is superior to middle frequency alternating current stimulation in cycling of people with spinal cord injury | Szecsi et al. [155] |
| Oscillating field stimulation for complete spinal cord injury in humans: a phase 1 trial | Shapiro et al. [156] |
| Oscillating field stimulation promotes spinal cord remyelination by inducing differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells after spinal cord injury | Zhang et al. [157] |
| Epidural oscillating field stimulation as an effective therapeutic approach in combination therapy for spinal cord injury | Bacova et al. [158] |