Table 5.

Effects of social ranking order on perching behavior in high or low perch and dust-bath allocation (mean±standard deviation)

Grouping	HSR		MSR		LSR		p-value (mean)
	HEAC	LEAC	HEAC	LEAC	HEAC	LEAC	SRO	Enrichment	Interaction
Standing (%)	0.39a±0.15	0.30a±0.18	0.24b±0.11	0.24b±0.16	0.22b±0.14	0.20b±0.16	<0.01	0.06	0.16
Lying (%)	0.21x±0.12	0.18y±0.16	0.23x±0.13	0.11y±0.10	0.17x±0.18	0.14y±0.17	0.19	<0.01	0.09
Walking (%)	0.04a±0.03	0.04a±0.02	0.02b±0.01	0.01b±0.01	0.00c±0.00	0.00c±0.00	<0.01	0.38	0.64
Preening (times/min)	0.45a±0.18	0.43a±0.26	0.33b±0.12	0.36b±0.25	0.23c±0.20	0.30c±0.26	<0.01	0.34	0.32
Staring (times/min)	0.03a±0.02	0.03a±0.02	0.02b±0.01	0.02b±0.01	0.01c±0.01	0.02c±0.01	<0.01	0.19	0.07
Exploring (times/min)	0.07a±0.04	0.06a±0.05	0.04b±0.02	0.04b±0.03	0.02c±0.02	0.03c±0.02	<0.01	0.25	0.11
Comforting(times/min)	0.06a±0.04	0.04a±0.04	0.03b±0.02	0.04b±0.04	0.02c±0.01	0.02c±0.03	<0.01	0.11	0.14

HSR, high social ranking hens; MSR, middle social ranking hens; LSR, low social ranking hens; HEAC, high enrichments allocation cages; LEAC, low enrichments allocation cages; SRO, social ranking order.

^a–cMeans with different superscripts in a row indicate significant differences on different social ranking order (p<0.01).

^x,yMeans with different superscripts in a rank indicate significant differences between enrichment treatments (p<0.01).