TABLE 2.
Demographic characteristics of the included studies
| N | Study | Sample (male) | Age (years ± SD) |
Disease Duration (±SD) |
Education (years) | MMSE*/MoCA | UPDRS III | H‐Y | LEDD (mg) | Diagnostic criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Structural image | ||||||||||
| 1 | Burton et al., 2002 11 | DLB:25 (18); AD:30 (14); HC:25 (13) | DLB (75.4 ± 6.8); AD (78.1 ± 5.3); HC (76.2 ± 4.7) |
(Disease, mo) DLB (38.4 ± 18.3); AD (43.5 ± 26.1); HC (NA) |
NA | DLB (13.3 ± 7.6)*; AD (16.4 ± 4.3)*; HC (28.1 ± 1.5) | NA | NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 1996); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 2 | Brenneis et al., 2004 127 | DLB:10 (6); AD:10 (3); HC:10 (6) | DLB (70.0 ± 5.6); AD (73.1 ± 7.6); HC (65.1 ± 8.1) | NA | NA |
DLB (21.2 ± 3.9)*; AD (17.4 ± 7.9)*; HC (28.8 ± 1.6) |
NA | NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 1996); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 3 | Ishii et al., 2007 55 | mild DLB:20 (9); mild AD:20 (7); HC:20 (5) | DLB (74.5 ± 4.9); AD (74.1 ± 3.3); HC (72.9 ± 3.3) | NA | NA |
mild DLB (24.0 ± 2.2)*; mild AD (24.0 ± 2.2)*; HC (29.8 ± 0.6) |
NA | NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 1996); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 4 | Sanchez‐Castaneda et al., 2009 128 | DLB:12 (8); HC:16 (8) | DLB (71.1 ± 10.8); HC (71.8 ± 7.6) |
(Parkinsonism, mo) DLB (32.6 ± 16.1); HC (NA) |
DLB (11 ± 6); HC (7.7 ± 6.5) |
DLB (19 ± 6.2)*; HC (28.6 ± 2) |
DLB (27.3 ± 11); HC (NA) |
DLB (2.8 ± 0.6); HC (NA) |
DLB (471.4 ± 439.5); HC (NA) |
DLB (McKeith et al., 2005); |
| 5 | Takahashi et al., 2010 129 | DLB:43 (17); AD:51 (20); HC:40 (20) | DLB (72.7 ± 4.5); AD (72.6 ± 2.9); HC (72.0 ± 3.8) | NA | NA |
DLB (19.0 ± 3.5)*; AD (18.7 ± 4.0)*; HC (29.6 ± 0.8) |
NA | NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 1996); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 6 | Watson et al., 2012 12 | DLB:35 (8); AD:36 (15); HC:35 (15) | DLB (78.4 ± 6.9); AD (78.3 ± 5.8); HC (76.7 ± 5.2) |
(Dementia, mo) DLB (41 ± 21)*; AD (53 ± 27) |
DLB (10.8 ± 2.6); AD (11.1 ± 3.5); HC (11.7 ± 2.6) |
DLB (20.3 ± 5.3)*; AD (19.5 ± 4.4)*; HC (29.1 ± 1.0) |
DLB (26.0 ± 10.7)*†; AD (5.4 ± 4.3); HC (2.0 ± 1.9) |
NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 1996, 2005); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 7 | Borroni et al., 2015 130 | DLB:13 (7); HC:10 (3); | DLB (74.2 ± 5.2); HC (62.2 ± 8.0); |
(Diagnosis, years) DLB (4.2 ± 2.6); HC (NA); |
HC (8.2 ± 3.5); DLB (6.3 ± 3.5); |
DLB (20.31 ± 6.05); HC (NA); |
DLB (20.1 ± 8.6)*; HC (0.0); |
NA |
DLB (279.6 ± 224.6); HC (NA); |
DLB (McKeith et al., 2005); |
| 8 | Blanc et al., 2016 131 | Pro‐DLB:28 (12); Pro‐AD:27 (20); HC:33 (15) | Pro‐DLB (67.5 ± 9.2); Pro‐AD (69.3 ± 7.8); HC (72.4 ± 10.4) | NA | NA |
Pro‐DLB (27.6 ± 2.1);* Pro‐AD (26.9 ± 1.9)*; HC (29.4 ± 0.9) |
NA | NA | NA |
pro‐AD (Dubois et al., 2007); Pro‐DLB (McKeith et al., 2005) (Petersen et al., 2004) (Donaghy et al., 2014) |
| 9 | Heitz et al., 2016 132 | DLB:33 (16); AD:15 (8); HC:16 (7) | DLB (68 ± 8.4); AD (70.9 ± 11.1); HC (68.3 ± 10.5) |
(Disease, year) DLB (4.6 ± 4.2); AD (3.6 ± 1.8); HC (NA) |
DLB (12.4 ± 3.2); AD (13.5 ± 3.6); HC (11.9 ± 3.2) |
DLB (27.2 ± 1.8)*; AD (27 ± 2.6)*; HC (29.3 ± 0.9) |
NA | NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 2005); AD (Dubois B, 2007) |
| 10 | Peraza et al., 2016 133 | DLB:19 (13); AD:18 (15); HC:16 (13); | DLB (76.32 ± 6.45); AD (75.39 ± 8.6); HC (76.75 ± 5.93) |
(Diagnosis, years) DLB (1.0 ± 0.6)†; AD (1.65 ± 0.8); HC (NA) |
NA |
DLB (23.05 ± 4.13)*; AD (21.83 ± 3.8)*; HC (29.1 ± 0.88); |
DLB (14.95 ± 5.47)*†; AD (1.56 ± 1.68); HC (1.44 ± 1.93) |
NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 2005); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 11 | Roquet et al., 2017 134 | Pro‐DLB:54 (23); mild DLB:15 (8); Pro‐AD:16 (11); mild AD:28 (9); HC:22 (10) | Pro‐DLB:(69.3 ± 9.0); mild DLB:(74.3 ± 10.4)*; Pro‐AD:(75.3 ± 9.2)*; mild AD:(74.1 ± 8.8); HC:(65.6 ± 9.2) | NA | NA |
Pro‐DLB: (27.6 ± 1.4)*; Mild DLB:(20.7 ± 3.4)*; Pro‐AD:(27.1 ± 1.4)*; Mild AD:(19.3 ± 3.3)*; HC:(29.0 ± 1.0) |
NA | NA | NA |
pro‐AD (Dubois et al., 2007); DLB (McKeith et al., 2005); Pro‐DLB (McKeith et al., 2005) (Petersen et al., 2004). |
| 12 | Nemoto et al., 2021 135 |
DLB:101 (51); AD:69 (33); HC:38 (10) |
DLB (73.25 ± 8.05); AD (71.58 ± 6.33); HC (71.03 ± 6.28) | NA | NA | DLB (22.21 ± 4.86)*; AD (21.32 ± 3.95)*; HC (28.21 ± 1.26) | NA | NA | NA |
DLB (DSM−5); AD (DSM−5) |
| Functional imaging | ||||||||||
| PET | ||||||||||
| 1 | Imamura et al., 1997 109 | DLB:19 (5); AD:19 (5) | DLB (72.6 ± 4.8); AD (72.8 ± 5.6) |
(Cognitive, mo): DLB (24.2 ± 13.7); AD (24.1 ± 13.8) |
NA |
DLB (17.7 ± 4.1); AD (18.4 ± 4.1) |
NA | NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 1996); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 2 | Ishii et al., 2007 55 | mild DLB:20 (9); mild AD:20 (7); HC:20 (5) | DLB (74.5 ± 4.9); AD (74.1 ± 3.3); HC (72.9 ± 3.3) | NA | NA |
mild DLB (24.0 ± 2.2)*; mild AD (24.0 ± 2.2)*; HC (29.8 ± 0.6) |
NA | NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 1996); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 3 | Perneczky et al., 2007 136 | DLB:21 (11); HC:16 (7) | DLB (71.1 ± 4.4); HC (67.88 ± 10.0) |
(Disease, years): DLB (3.4 ± 2.1); HC (NA) |
DLB (10.4 ± 2.3); HC (11.69 ± 4.0) |
DLB (20.8 ± 4.8)*; HC (30 ± 0.0) |
DLB (30.4 ± 15.6); HC (NA) |
NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 1996); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 4 | Yong et al., 2007 137 | DLB:7 (3); HC:15 (6); | DLB (74.3 ± 6.9)*; HC (65.3 ± 5.6); |
(Disease, years) DLB (2.0 ± 0.8); HC (NA); (Dementia, years) DLB (1.9 ± 0.7); HC (NA) |
NA |
DLB (27.3 ± 2.1); HC (NA); |
NA |
DLB (2.1 ± 1.2); HC (NA); |
NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 2005); |
| 5 | Teune et al., 2010 138 | DLB:6 (NA); HC:18 (NA) |
DLB (71 ± 7)*; HC (56 ± 14) |
(Disease, years) DLB (3 ± 2); HC (NA) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | DLB (McKeith et al., 2005) |
| 6 | Iizuka et al., 2016 111 | DLB:24 (NA); AD:24 (NA) |
Medians (interquartile ranges) DLB (73 (68, 79)); AD (74 (69, 81)) |
(Disease, year, Medians (interquartile ranges)) DLB (2.8 (1.8,3.2)); AD (2.3 (1.6,2.6)) |
Medians (interquartile ranges) DLB (16 (12,18)); AD (15 (12,18)) |
Medians(interquartile ranges) DLB (23 (20.5,24)); AD (23 (21,24.5)) |
NA | NA | NA | DLB (McKeith et al., 2005); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 7 | Iizuka et al., 2017 139 | DLB:34 (18); HC:18 (9) | DLB (76.9 ± 2.3); HC (77.1 ± 1.3) | NA | DLB (13.4 ± 1.9); HC (12.8 ± 1.3) |
DLB (23.6 ± 2.3)*; HC (29.3 ± 0.5) |
NA | NA | NA | DLB (McKeith et al., 2005) |
| 8 | Liu et al., 2017 140 | DLB:37 (21); HC:5 (NA) |
DLB (71.8 ± 9.1); HC (NA) |
NA |
DLB (10.3 ± 4.4); HC (NA) |
MMSE: DLB (16.6 ± 7.4); HC (NA); MoCA: DLB (9.6 ± 7.0); HC (NA) |
DLB (13.9 ± 12.4); HC (NA) |
NA | NA | DLB (McKeith et al., 2005) |
| 9 | Liguori et al., 2019 141 | DLB:10 (8); HC:35 (19) | DLB (69.02 ± 7.71); HC (67.89 ± 4.95) |
(Disease, year) DLB (2.15 ± 1.26); HC (NA) |
NA |
DLB (23.6 ± 5.20)*; HC (29.40 ± 1.22) |
DLB (15.01 ± 6.45); HC (NA) |
NA | NA | DLB (McKeith et al., 2017) |
| 10 | Iizuka et al., 2020 142 |
DLB:50 (26); AD:50 (24); HC:50 (25) |
DLB (76.9 ± 5.0); AD (76.3 ± 5.3); HC (77.3 ± 5.4) |
NA |
DLB (14.5 ± 2.4); AD (14.3 ± 2.4); HC (14.1 ± 2.5) |
DLB (22.0 ± 1.4)*; AD (21.7 ± 1.8)*; HC (29.6 ± 0.5) |
NA | NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 2017); AD (McKhann et al., 2011) |
| SPECT | ||||||||||
| 1 | Colloby et al., 2002 94 | DLB:23 (9); AD:48 (21); HC:20 (9) |
DLB (75.9 ± 8.6); AD (77.9 ± 7.0); HC (75.4 ± 5.1) |
NA | NA |
DLB (16.0 ± 6.1)*; AD (17.4 ± 5.5)*; HC (28.5 ± 1.5) |
NA | NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al., 1996); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 2 | Firbank et al., 2003 58 | DLB:15 (8); HC:37 (20) | DLB (76.1 ± 7.7); HC (75.0 ± 6.7) |
(Disease, mo, median (range)): DLB (23 (2–48)); HC (NA); (Dementia, mo): DLB (26 ± 16); HC (NA) |
DLB (15.2 ± 0.6); HC (16.7 ± 2.5) |
DLB (18.1 ± 5.1)*; HC (28.1 ± 1.5) |
DLB (26 ± 17); HC (NA) |
NA | NA |
DLB (McKeith et al.,1996); AD (McKhann et al., 1984) |
| 3 | Takahashi et al., 2010 143 |
DLB:44 (DLB‐P:13 (7); DLB‐nP:31 (15)); HC:16 (NA) |
DLB‐P (80.3 ± 4.4); DLB‐nP (78.0 ± 7.1) | NA | NA |
DLB‐P (18.2 ± 3.5); DLB‐nP (19.9 ± 5.6) |
NA | NA | NA | DLB (McKeith et al., 1996) |
| 4 | Misch et al., 2014 144 | DLB:30 (20); HC:30 (20) | DLB (72.3 ± 1.7); HC (73.1 ± 1.2) |
(Disease, year) DLB (3.7 ± 0.4); HC (NA) |
DLB (14.6 ± 0.7); HC (15.17 ± 0.6) | NA | NA | NA | NA | DLB (McKeith et al., 2005) |
| 5 | Park et al., 2018 82 | DLB:33 (18)*; HC:30 (7) | DLB (74.1 ± 4.9)*; HC (68.5 ± 3.6) |
(Disease, mo) DLB (24.2 ± 18.0); HC (NA) |
DLB (7.6 ± 4.5); HC (7.1 ± 4.8) |
DLB (19.8 ± 4.7); HC (NA) |
NA | NA | NA | DLB (McKeith et al., 2005) |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; DLB‐nP, DLB patients without parkinsonism; DLB‐P, dementia with Lewy bodies with parkinsonism; HC, healthy controls; H‐Y, Hoehn‐Yahr; LEDD, levodopa equivalent dose; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; mo, month; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N, study number; NA, data not available; pro‐AD, prodromal Alzheimer's disease; pro‐DLB, prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies; SD, standard deviation; UPDRS III, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, motor subscale.
*p < 0.05, compared with HC; † p < 0.05, compared with AD.