Table 2.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings. baseline.
| Healthy Control | COVID−19 | Myocarditis | P ANOVA | P | P | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control vs. COVID-19 | Control vs. Myocarditis | COVID-19 vs. Myocarditis | |||||
| N = 16 | N = 32 | N = 22 | |||||
| left Ventricle | |||||||
| ED volume, mL/m2 | 82 ± 9 | 78 ± 25 | 104 ± 31 | 0.001 | 0.94 | 0.022 | <0.001 |
| ES volume, mL/m2 | 33 ± 4 | 32 ± 20 | 54 ± 34 | 0.003 | 0.98 | 0.023 | 0.004 |
| Stroke volume, mL/m2 | 49 ± 7 | 48 ± 8 | 50 ± 11 | 0.66 | |||
| Ejection fraction, % | 60 ± 4 | 62 ± 10 | 52 ± 16 | 0.006 | 0.77 | 0.09 | 0.005 |
| Cardiac Index, L/min/m2 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 0.80 | |||
| Endo Longitudinal Strain % | −26.0 ± 2.1 | −24.2 ± 4.4 | −20.1 ± 7.0 | 0.001 | 0.61 | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Myo Longitudinal Strain % | −24.5 ± 2.0 | −22.3 ± 4.1 | −18.3 ± 5.8 | <0.001 | 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| Endo Circumferential Strain % | −31.5 ± 4.4 | −32.0 ± 7.2 | −24.0 ± 9.3 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.009 | <0.001 |
| Myo Circumferential Strain % | −20.9 ± 2.7 | −20.9 ± 4.2 | −17.3 ± 6.9 | 0.025 | 0.99 | 0.08 | 0.030 |
| LV Mass (g/m2) | 50 ± 7 | 55 ± 19 | 72 ± 23 | <0.001 | 0.70 | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| left Atrium | |||||||
| LA max Vol mL | 37 ± 9 | 36 ± 8 | 41 ± 11 | 0.26 | |||
| LA emptying fraction % | 70 ± 6 | 61 ± 12 | 54 ± 17 | 0.003 | 0.07 | 0.002 | 0.19 |
| LA strain % | 44 ± 11 | 39 ± 12 | 28 ± 16 | 0.001 | 0.42 | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Right Ventricle | |||||||
| ED volume, mL/m2 | 87 ± 10 | 77 ± 15 | 86 ± 26 | 0.10 | |||
| ES volume, mL/m2 | 38 ± 7 | 36 ± 10 | 42 ± 19 | 0.26 | |||
| Stroke volume, mL/m2 | 49 ± 8 | 41 ± 9 | 44 ± 12 | 0.040 | 0.031 | 0.30 | 0.51 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 56 ± 6 | 54 ± 8 | 53 ± 11 | 0.55 | |||
| Endo RV longitudinal strain % | −29.7 ± 7.1 | −28.2 ± 7.8 | −27.1 ± 7.3 | 0.56 | |||
| Myo RV longitudinal strain % | −27.9 ± 6.5 | −26.0 ± 7.4 | −25.2 ± 6.8 | 0.81 | |||
| RV Mass (g/m2) | 13 ± 1 | 13 ± 4 | 16 ± 3 | 0.006 | 0.87 | 0.013 | 0.014 |
| Right Atrium | |||||||
| RA max Vol mL | 40 ± 7 | 37 ± 12 | 43 ± 11 | 0.15 | |||
| RA emptying fraction % | 56 ± 9 | 54 ± 11 | 47 ± 13 | 0.027 | 0.80 | 0.039 | 0.07 |
| RA strain % | 50 ± 16 | 42 ± 13 | 36 ± 13 | 0.012 | 0.16 | 0.009 | 0.25 |
| Parametric Imaging | |||||||
| T1 native | 1236 ± 21 (N = 16) | 1271 ± 50 (N = 25) | 1352 ± 113 (N = 12) | <0.001 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| ECV | 26 ± 4* (ref) | 25 ± 4 (N = 24) | 30 ± 8 (N = 12) | 0.044 | 0.59 | 0.06 | 0.035 |
| T2 | 43 ± 2 (N = 16) | 48 ± 6 (N = 25) | 61 ± 10 (N = 15) | <0.001 | 0.026 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| N = 31 | N = 22 | ||||||
| LGE No. (%) | |||||||
| Ischaemic | n/a | 1 (3) | 3 (14) | 0.17 | |||
| Nonischaemic | n/a | 5 (16) | 19 (86) | <0.001 | |||
| Pericardial | n/a | 3 (10) | 4 (18) | 0.37 | |||
| * Reference Value |
ED, end diastolic; ES, end systolic; Endo, subendocardial layer; Myo, mid-myocardial layer; LV, center ventricular, RV, right ventricular; LA, center atrial; RA, right atrial; ECV, extracellular volume; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement.
For comparison of the continuous variables, ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's tests were used, for categorial variables Chi-square or Fischer tests test were used, a P <0.05 was considered significant. For incomplete set of data, N represents the number of subjects included in the analysis.
*
Reference Values for ECV in healthy controls was taken from Dabir et al., (24). Statistically significant p-values are indicated in bold.